Public Health

Question 1

What is capacity?

Answer 1

1) Understand situation
2) Weigh up options
3) Retain information
4) Communicate decision

Question 2

What is Health Behaviour?

Answer 2

Behaviour that prevents disease (running)

Question 3

What is Illness Behaviour?

Answer 3

Aimed at seeking remedy (going GP)

Question 4

What is sick role behaviour?

Answer 4

Activity aimed at getting you well (Taking Abx)

Question 5

What is Unrealistic Optimism?

Answer 5

Continuing health damaging behaviour due to inaccurate perception of risk and susceptibility

Question 6

What is the Health Belief Model? (4 things)

Answer 6

1) Believing you are susceptible
2) Believing condition has serious consequences
3) Believing acting can reduce susceptibility
4) Believing benefits outweigh costs

Question 7

What is the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

Answer 7

Intention is determined by:
1) Personal Attitudes
2) Social norms
3) Perceived behaviour control

Question 8

What is the Transtheoretical model?

Answer 8

1) Pre-contemplation
2) Contemplation
3) Preparation
4) Action
5) Maintenance / Relapse

Question 9

What are the Wilson and Jungner Criteria?

Answer 9

Condition: know its natural history and must be treatable

Test: suitable and interval determined

Treatment:acceptable and facilities available

Other: cost effective, agreed who to treat, benefits>risks

Question 10

What is a cohort study?

Answer 10

Sample taken from population, one group is exposed, one is not exposed, then compared

Question 11

What is a Case-control study?

Answer 11

Groups with/without the disease selected, the past exposures are then retrospectively identified

Question 12

What is a Cross-sectional study?

Answer 12

Exposure/outcome measured simultaneously at a single point in time

Question 13

What are the 3 domains of public health?

Answer 13

1) Health improvement
2) Health protection
3) Improving services

Question 14

What is the Bradford Hill Criteria of Causation?

Answer 14

1) Biological plausibility
2) Consistency
3) Dose response
4) Reversibility
5) Strength
6) Temporality

Question 15

What is lead-time bias?

Answer 15

Early identification doesn’t alter outcome, but appears to increase survival

Question 16

What is length-time bias?

Answer 16

Disease that progresses slowly is more likely to be picked up by screening → appears screening prolongs life

Question 17

What are Bradshaws needs?

Answer 17

Felt need: individual perception of variation from normal health

Expressed need: seeks help to overcome variation

Normative need: professional defines appropriate intervention

Comparative need: compare severity/range/interventions/ cost

Question 18

What is the Health Needs Assessment Cycle?

Answer 18

Needs Assessment → Planning → Implementation → Evaluation

Question 19

What are the Health Needs Assessment Approaches?

Answer 19

Epidemiological
Comparative
Corporate

Question 20

What is the Donabedian Approach of Evaluation?

Answer 20

Structure: what there is?
Process: what is done?
Outcome: 5 Ds / mortality / quantitive/ qualitative

Question 21

What is the Maxwells Dimensions Approach to Evaluation?

Answer 21

3 Es and As

Effectiveness
Efficiency
Equity

Accessibility
Acceptibility
Appropriateness

Question 22

What is incidence?

Answer 22

Number of new cases in a time period

Question 23

What is prevalence?

Answer 23

Number of cases at a specific time

Question 24

What is relative risk?

Answer 24

Absolute risk in exposed group/absolute risk in non exposed group

Question 25

What is Attributable risk?

Answer 25

The risk that the disease is due to the exposed group

Question 26

How do you calculate number needed to treat?

Answer 26

1/attributable risk