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3a Exam > PPS > Flashcards

PPS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between Speech and Language?

A

Language: the words we use and how we put them together to make meaning

‘Speech’ relates ONLY to the production of words (the sounds)

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2
Q

What is the difference between Comprehension and Production?

A

Comprehension: understanding of language.
- SLTs call this ‘receptive language’

Production: language we produce
- SLTs call this ‘expressive language’

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3
Q

What can go wrong with communication?

A

Speech difficulties

Language difficulties

Comprehension

Expression

Pragmatics

Voice

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4
Q

What is imprecise/slurred speech?

A

Dysarthria

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5
Q

What is speech sounds in the wrong order?

A

Apraxia

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6
Q

What is dysfluent speech?

A

Stammer (UK) Stutter (US)

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7
Q

What is language impairment?

A

Aphasia

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8
Q

What may dementia cause in terms of speech?

A

Primary progressive aphasia

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9
Q

What are receptive difficulties?

A

Trouble understanding (comprehensive difficulties)

Speech is fluent but makes no sense

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10
Q

What are expressive difficulties?

A

Difficulty writing/talking

Word-finding difficulties- may be completely silent

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11
Q

Define health

A

The state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease/deformity

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12
Q

What is the Human Rights Act 1998?

A

Decision making processes on people’s rights

Policy making

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13
Q

What does Article 2 of the Human Rights Act involve?

A

The right to life (limited)

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14
Q

What does Article 3 of the Human Rights Act involve?

A

The right to be free from inhuman and degrading treatment (absolute)

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15
Q

What does Article 8 of the Human Rights Act involve?

A

The right to respect for privacy and family life (qualified)

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16
Q

What does Article 12 of the Human Rights Act involve?

A

The right to marry and found a family

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17
Q

What does Article 14 of the Human Rights Act involve?

A

The enjoyment of the rights and freedoms set forth in this Convention shall be secured without discrimination on any ground such as sex, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.

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18
Q

What are absolute rights in the Human Rights Act?

A

NEVER acceptable to do otherwise

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19
Q

Name 3 absolute rights in the Human Rights Act

A

Acts:
3) Right to protection from: torture, inhuman and degrading treatment and punishment
4) The prohibition on slavery and enforced labour
7) Protection from: retrospective criminal penalties

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20
Q

What are limited/qualified rights in the Human Rights Act?

A

Limited under explicit and finite circumstances: e.g right to liberty (art 5)

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21
Q

What is Utilitarianism?

A

Maximising good for the maximum number of people

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22
Q

What is a judicial review?

A

Opportunity for an individual to challenge the exercise of power by a public body

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23
Q

What is intuitive decision making?

A

Ability to understand something instantly without conscious reasoning

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24
Q

Name some biases in intuitive thinking

A

Error of over attachment= confirmation bias (only do tests that confirm provisional diagnosis)

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25
Q

What is Analytical thinking?

A

Bad at estimating odds/values
Vey good at measuring and calculating them.
Basis of evidence based medicine

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26
Q

What are the disadvantages of Analytical thinking?

A

Slow
Resource intensive
Cognitively demanding: exhausting

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27
Q

What is the Dual process theory?

A

Intuitive thinking + analytical thinking + evidence based medicine

28
Q

What red flags indicate errors?

A

1) Anomalies
2) Broken communication
3) Confusion
4) Missing info
5) Departures from normal practice
6) Stress/ uneasy

29
Q

What is the Swiss Cheese Model?

A

An organisation’s defences against failure are modelled as a series of barriers
Cheese holes = weakness in system
Patients can fall through these ‘holes’ if they line up and end up with an Accident or Injury

30
Q

What are Never Events?

A

Serious, largely preventable patient safety incidents that should not occur if the available preventative measures have been implemented.
Intolerable and inexcusable.

E.g surgery (wrong site), wrong meds or suicide

31
Q

What are the 10 basic types of error?

A

1) Sloth
2) Fixation and loss of perspective
3) Communication breakdown
4) Poor team working
5) Playing the odds
6) Bravado (timidity)
7) Ignorance
8) Mis-triage
9) Lack of skill
10 System error

32
Q

Give an example of a sloth error

A

Not bothering to check accuracy of results, inadequate documentation/ evaluation

33
Q

Give an example of a fixation error

A

Overlooking warning signs-: early unshakable diagnosis

34
Q

Give an example of a Bravado error

A

Working beyond competencies / without adequate supervision

35
Q

What is mis-triage?

A

Over/under estimating the seriousness of a situation

36
Q

What are common healthcare errors?

A

Wrong diagnosis

Medication reconciliation

Patient identification

Handovers

37
Q

Why is safety compromised so often in healthcare?

A
  • Complex, high risk environment
  • Resource intensive
  • System, patient and practitioners interactions
  • Shared responsibilities
  • Practitioners take risks unknowingly
38
Q

How are errors classified in terms of intention?

A

Skill based

Rule based

Knowledge based

39
Q

What is the person approach to errors?

A

Focus on the individual

Errors are due to wayward mental processes

Anticipation of blame promotes ‘cover up’

Retraining, discipline

40
Q

What is the system approach to errors?

A

Adverse events are the product of many casual factors

Recognise errors and implement defences

41
Q

Name 5 tools of risk identification

A

Incident reporting
Complaints
Audits
External Accreditation
Active measurement/ compliance

42
Q

What are the 4 domains of the duties of a doctor?

A

1) Knowledge, skills and performance up to date
2) Safety and quality
3) Communication, partnership and teamwork
4) Maintaining trust

43
Q

How do things go wrong?

A

System errors

Human errors

Neglect

Poor performance

Misconduct

44
Q

How can errors be classified?

A

Classified based on:

Intention

Action

Outcome

Context

45
Q

Name 4 human factors

A

Personal factors

Teamwork issues

Communication

Omissions/lapses

46
Q

State 3 reasons for judgement failures

A

Analytical or intuitive

Wrong type of info
Bias

47
Q

Describe neglect

A

Not showing sufficient care

Falling below required standard

Chain of minor failures

Multidisciplinary

May lead to harm

48
Q

Describe poor performance

A

Repeated mistakes

Not learning from mistakes

Usually due to poor attitude: reliability, time keeping, scruffiness

49
Q

Describe misconduct

A

Deliberate harm

Covering up errors

Fraud, abuse, theft, false claim of expenses/ sickness

Improper relationships with patients/ colleagues

50
Q

Describe the 6 different types of leadership

A

Great man: born leader

Trait: can’t be learned

Behavioural: learned (adaptable to different conditions)

Transactional: motivated by punishment/reward

Transformational: inspire people to follow a shared vision

Laissez-Faire: individuals free to make their own decisions

51
Q

What is the best leadership style for healthcare?

A

Transformational: places needs of patients, carers, families at centre of all your work and intervene when needed e.g. speak up if there is risk to patient, improve systems and improve knowledge

52
Q

What are the 4 tests of Medical Negligence?

A

1) Was there a duty of care?
2) Was there a breach in the duty of care?
3) Did the patient come to harm?
4) Did the breach cause the harm?

53
Q

What is the Bolam test?

A

Would a group of reasonable doctors do the same?

54
Q

What is the Bolitho test?

A

Would it be reasonable for other doctors to do the same thing as you did?

55
Q

What is the Tripartite Model approach to learning?

A
  • Surface (fear of failure, focuses on particular tasks)
  • Strategic (desire to be successful, variable understanding)
  • Deep (intrinsic interest, personal understanding, links across materials)
56
Q

What is Kolb’s learning cycle?

A

1) Experience (activist)
2) Review, reflect on experience (reflector)
3) Conclusions from experience (theorist)
4) What can I do differently next? (pragmatist)

57
Q

What are the 4 fundamentals of teaching?

A

Who am I teaching?

What am I teaching?

How will I teach it?

How will I know if the students understand?

58
Q

What is Culture?

A

Socially transmitted pattern of shared meanings by which people communicate and develop attitudes:
- Heritage
- Choice
- Individual Circumstances

59
Q

What is Ethnocentrism?

A

Evaluates other groups according to own values
Conviction ones group is superior to others

60
Q

What is a Stereotype?

A

Generalises characteristics of members of a group

61
Q

What is Prejudice?

A

Attitude towards another person based solely on their membership to a group

62
Q

What is Discrimination?

A

Actual positive or negative actions towards objects of prejudice

63
Q

Why has rationing increased in healthcare?

A

Shift from acute illness → chronic

Normal physiological events medicalised

Increase in choice and increase in expensive drugs

64
Q

What is the Egalitarian principle?

A

Provide all the care that is necessary and appropriate to everyone

65
Q

What is libertarian principle?

A

Each person is responsible for their own health and wellbeing

66
Q

Benefits of Social Media?

A
  • Establishing wider and more diverse networks
  • Engaging public in debates
  • Facilitating public access to health information
  • Improving access to services
67
Q

Risks of Social media?

A
  • Loss of personal privacy
  • Breaches of confidentiality
  • Unprofessional online behaviour
  • Risks of report to the media/ employers

3a Exam (9 decks)

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