public administration Flashcards
what are the public policy progress?
- input
- throughput
- output
- outcome
- revise
what are the public policies domain?
- Foreign
- Fiscal
- Economic
- Environmental and tech
- Social
- Security
what does bad governance include?
- discrimination
- patronage, clientalism
- nepotism, cronyism
- bribes, kickbacks, corruptions
- lack of legal guarantees to rights and properties
- messed up priorities
what is good governance?
- impartiality exercised by public authority
- creates generalised trust
- people live longer
- environment is better
- higher employment
- people happier
what is the input side of government?
- access to public authority
- political parties
: when there is impartiality in input, that means there is democracy
what is the output side of government?
- how is the public authority exercised
- decision making
- must show impartiality to be a quality government
in what ways has singapore’s political system become more competitive?
- more challengers for the ruling party
- no party got majority vote
- societal demands
- voters are given a choice on who to vote
- prudent approach to internet
- attempts to secure power of ruling party
what type of societal demands have emerged?
- increasing desire to participate in political participation due to increasingly inequitable economic model which resulted in diverse and sophisticated citizenry who want to participate in policy making
- immediate result
- slow selective liberalism- to enhance legitmacy of leadership succession and to develop alternative channels of participation; must not challenge ruling party but enhance policy implementation
How and why are elections held today different compared to the past?
past: voters only voted for PAP, loyalty to the party that build the nation up
now: there are growing numbers of opposition parties being elected, gov has allowed citizens greater freedom in promoting active citzenship, creativity and entreprenuership, gradual leadership transition with control that contributes to the incremental liberalisation process
What political strategies helped to sustain one-party dominance in the past?
- control of media
- manipulation
- asian democracy
- only presenting what pap thinks it needs to know
- biased media
- unfair distribuion of resources
- intimidation of opposition
What political strategies are being used today to help sustain one-party dominance?
- soft pressure
- culture of fear
- rules for protests
- lawsuits
- threat of consequences
- out of bounds marker
- some freedom in the internet
what are some examples of protests in sg
- black sunday
- anti-immigration
- occupy rafffles
more about the prudent approach to the internet
- difficult to control so gov lets it be, if they take this away too then people will not support them
- no restricted topics, unbiased contents that is not controlled by gov
- greater reach
why did younger voters resonate more with opposition?
- unhappy with gov and elitist politics
what is ncmp and nmp? and what is their purpose
ncmp is non constituency members of parliament, the gov selected a growing number from the highest losing opposition candidates as ncmps for the following elections
nmp is nominated member of parliament, nonpartisan activits, businessmen and acadmeics have been chosen to fill up these positions
these 2 positions were introduced as a response to the demand for more alternative voices in parliament
what policies constitute the smd model?
- minimise corruption
- maintaining racial harmony
- heavy investment in education
- meritocracy
- comprehensive approach to curbing crime
- satisfaction of basic needs
- promotion of economic development
- rejection of welfare state
- learning from others
what is the role of democracy in smd
how did singapore solve the housing problem?
- home ownership program that gave every citizen a stake in singapore, make them more loyal to the country
how did singapore dramatically reduce crime and corruption?
- crime
- neighbourhood police post
- citizen police officers (community policing)
- educating citizens on prevention knowledge
- clpta
- tough law enforcement - corruption
- prevention of corruption act to reduce opportunities
- increasing salaries to reduce incentive (get deserved salary=good gov, underpaid= try make money other way=corrupt=bad gov)
- anti corruption strategy
- increasing penalties
what has singapore done to expand meritocracy and education?
- i want to say bursaries
- compulsory education so everyone has the chance to be the best and brightest
- more educated, more productive, more efficient
what has singapore learnt from other countries?
Israel and Switzerland: defence japan: crime prevention, quality control circles west germany: education netherland: airport copy from schiphol france and japan: civil services shell system of performance appraisal
singapore’s welfare state?
singapore is not a welfare state, the state provides minimal support and most of it is for elderly and the disable
instead we believe in supporting ourselves so we have cpf, medishield, medisave which comes from our employeers and employees
- we don’t want to be a welfare state because it might create an unhealthy dependency on the state which can affect the growth of the country if there is a lack of foreing investment, people don’t take iniative to go to work, taxes increases, printing more money to support the welfare of citizens
what is quality of gov?
impartiality in the exercise of public authority
what is the relationship between social capital and qog
QOG creates social capital (generalised trust)
what are the problems with the dominant discourse of good governance
what is the relationship between tax and qog
Rich countries: larger gov, higher taxes than poor countries
in what spheres should we expect impartiality?
state; others regarding, applies to all - impartiality
market; self regarding, access to all - impartiality
family; other regarding, access to ppl part of the family - impartiality pending
organisation; self regarding; scope restricted
is representative democracy or a rule of law a necessary condition for qog
representative democracy not really but rule of law yes cos displays impartiality in terms of it being inclusive and applying to all
but then democracy, there is no guarantee that majority will be impartial to minority but there is still efforts in terms of having free and fair elections
what is the relationship between efficiency/effectiveness and qog?
efficiency and effectiveness in responding to citizens’ needs relates positively to qog
how is qog related to quality of life
quality of government also affects subjective happiness, citizen support and democratic stability all of which applies to quality of life
