Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Puberty, pregnancy, & menopause > Flashcards

Puberty, pregnancy, & menopause Flashcards

1
Q

Age of onset of puberty (boys vs girls)

A
  • Girls: 8-13

- Boys: 9-14

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define puberty

A

Maturation of HPG axis

  • Initiation of pulsatile GnRH release
  • Appearance of secondary sex characteristics
  • Acceleration of growth
  • Capacity for fertilization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Gonadotropic secretion in fetus

A
  • FSH & LH levels rise at midgestation then fall

- Pregnancy hormones exert negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Gonadotropic secretion upon delivery

A
  • Source of negative feedback removed

- Gonadotropin levels rise but then negative feedback occurs, until puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Normal pubertal development in girls

A
  • Thelarche = start of puberty
  • Pubarche
  • Pubertal maturation complete in 2 yrs
  • Menarche (by 13th bday)
  • Adipose tissues around hips
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Normal pubertal development in boys

A
  • Increase in testicular size, development of pubic hair, penile enlargement = start of puberty
  • Facial & body hair increases.
  • Muscle bulk increases.
  • Adult testicular volume & penile size achieved by 16 yo
  • Voice deepens as larynx enlarges.
  • Final height at 18 yo
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Growth spurt

A

GH, IGF-1

  • Girls: begins in early puberty, peak velocity attained by menarche
  • Boys: begins near end of puberty, almost 2 years later than girls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty

A

Hypogonadotropic hypergonadism

  • FSH, LH, GnRH levels decreased
  • Sex steroids increased
  • Problem tends to be within gonads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gonadotropin-dependent precocious puberty

A

Hypergonadotropic hypergonadism

  • FSH, LH, GnRH levels increased
  • Sex steroids increased
  • Early increase in growth.
  • Doesn’t follow usual progression
  • Most serious side effect: short stature
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Constitutional delay

A
  • Lack of physical maturation 2 SD beyond mean age of pubertal onset
  • Benign variant of normal
  • Progression pattern is normal but delayed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

A

Deficiency of pulsatile release of gonadotropins

  • FSH, LH, GnRH levels decreased
  • Sex steroids decreased
  • Ex. Kallman’s syndrome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism

A 
- Primary gonadal failure 
FSH, LH, GnRH levels increased 
Sex steroids decreased 
- Absence of negative feedback 
*Ex. Turner's syndrome: 
- Functional gonads do not form
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pubertal trigger: Leptin

A
  • Leptin receptor in hypothalamus
  • Leptin fxns as a permissive factor, not a trigger, in onset of human puberty
  • Larger % of adipocytes = larger amount of leptin (potential for early puberty)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

4 stages of pregnancy

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Maintenance
  3. Parturition
  4. Lactation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Stage 1: Initiation entry

A
  • Sperm are viable up to 72 hrs
  • Ova are fertile for 12-24 hrs
  • Process of capacitation or “activation” occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stage 1: Initiation cervix

A
  • Sperm motility in the cervical canal requires alkaline pH
  • Alkaline secretions from prostate gland elevate pH
  • Estrogen: watery mucus facilitating sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Initiation: Implantation

A
  • Fertilized ovum stays in the oviduct & undergoes mitosis
  • Progesterone secreted by corpus luteum converts uterus to secretory gland
  • Secretes glycogen & lipid required for implantation
  • Relaxes the myometrium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Blastocyst is composed of what 2 cell types?

A
  • Trophoblast cells:
    microvilli of these cells interdigitate w/ endometrium
  • Inner cell mass:
    cells destined to become embryonic structures
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many days does it take for a blastocyst to implant in the uterine wall?

A

6-8 days after fertilization

- Day 20-24 of menstrual cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

By day 10, trophoblasts form what layers?

A
  • Cytotrophoblasts (inner layer):
    Release hypothalamic-like peptides (CRH, GnRH, TRH)
  • Syncytiotrophoblasts (outer layer):
    Release pituitary-like peptides (ACTH, hCG)
    *Principal site of placental steroid & protein hormone biosynthesis
21
Q

Placenta is essential for…

A
  • Vital fetal fxn

- Maintaining pregnancy

22
Q

Placenta fxns

A
  • Nutritive
  • Excretory
  • Immunological
  • Barrier
  • Respiratory
23
Q

Role of hCG

A
  • In early pregnancy, hCG rescues corpus luteum & maintains progesterone production until placental steroidogenesis is established
  • Stimulates Leydig cells of male fetus to make testosterone along w/ fetal pituitary gonadotropins
  • Suppresses maternal immune function & reduces possible rejection
24
Q

When do hCG levels peak?

A

60-70 days

- Then remains low for rest of pregnancy

25
Q

Stage 2: Preparation for implantation

A

LH stimulates luteal cells to secrete steroid hormones

26
Q

Stage 2: Implantation to 3rd month

A
  • By the 10th day after ovulation, hCG rescues corpus luteum
  • hCG peaks in first 3 months of pregnancy
27
Q

Stage 2: 4th month to term

A
  • Steroid hormones come from the placenta to maintain the uterus
  • Not controlled by hCG
  • Limited only by amount of cholesterol
28
Q

Estrogen production requires what?

A

The fetus!

29
Q

Progesterone

A
  • Conversion of uterus to secretory gland readying it for implantation
  • Formation of cervical plug
  • Inhibition of myometrial contraction
  • Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis from uterus
  • Development of alveolus & lobule in breast
  • Inhibition of lactose synthesis
30
Q

Estrogen

A
  • Massive growth of uterus, esp. of myometrium
  • Development of ductile system of breasts
  • Stimulates prolactin release by anterior pituitary
  • Relax & soften pelvic ligaments
  • Inhibits lactation
31
Q

Human Placental Lactogen (HPL)

A
  • Shifts glucose availability towards fetus
  • aka. human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS)
  • Made by the placenta
  • Stimulates breast development
  • Activates enzymes in breasts that produce milk
  • Has metabolic actions similar to GH
32
Q

Where does prolactin come from?

A

Material anterior pituitary

33
Q

Initiation of labor

A
  • Unknown
  • Likely due to both maternal & fetal signs
  • Local synthesis of prostaglandins
34
Q

Events contributing to parturition

A
  • Braxton hicks contractions
  • Increase in estrogen/progesterone ratio
  • Local production of prostaglandins
  • Increase in oxytocin receptors in myometrium, induced by increasing levels of E2
35
Q

During labor

A
  • Oxytocin pulsatility increases 3-4 times in the 1st stage of labor
  • Uterine contractions start at top of uterus & push fetus toward cervix
  • Cervix stretches, activates stretch receptors, stimulates hypothalamus to release oxytocin
  • Oxytocin increases contractions (+ feedback)
36
Q

Stage 4: Lactation

A

Secretory apparatus in the breast = alveoli

  • Alveolar cells: site of milk synthesis
  • Myoepithelial cells: smooth muscle cells
37
Q

Hormones of lactation

A
  • Estrogens stimulates ductal growth
  • Progesterone, prolactin & hPL stimulate development of lobules & alveoli
  • Prolactin & hPL stimulate milk enzymes & proteins (-casein)
38
Q

Prolactin effects

A
  • Inhibits GnRH secretion
  • Inhibits the action of GnRH on the pituitary –> inhibiting LH & FSH release
  • Antagonizes action of LH & FSH on the ovaries
39
Q

What is required to maintain lactation?

A

Suckling

40
Q

What is menopause associated w/ ?

A

A decline in estrogen & progesterone made by the ovaries

41
Q

Stages of menopause

A
  • Perimenopause: menstrual cycles are irregular but have not stopped
  • Menopause: final menstrual period
  • Postmenopause: after no periods for at least 1 year
42
Q

Cause of menopause

A
  • Related to a drop in the critical mass of eggs - “follicles”
  • Decline in fertility = decline in ovarian fxn
  • Average age: 51 years
  • Premature menopause (earlier than 40 yo)
43
Q

How does menopause occur?

A
  • Ovarian follicle reserve declines
  • Estrogen & progesterone levels decline
  • Reduces negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary system –> rise in FSH
  • Remaining ovarian follicles are less responsive to FSH
  • Menopause occurs when the residual follicles are refractory to elevated concentrations of FSH
44
Q

Dx of menopause

A
  • When FSH is > 30 mIU/ml.

- No menses for 12 months in women of typical age range

45
Q

Sx of menopause

A
  • Irregular bleeding
  • Hot flash/flush –> loss of sleep, depression, irritability
  • Urogenital changes
  • Decline in cognitive function
  • Wrinkles, weight gain, decreased libido
46
Q

Urogenital changes

A
  • Deterioration breast, uterus, vagina
  • Decrease in vaginal secretions, change in pH
  • Deterioration of bladder fxn
47
Q

Other estrogen-deficiency changes

A
  • Wrinkles
  • Weight gain
  • Tissue changes
48
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • Reduction of bone due to lack of estrogen

- Loss of estrogen = loss of ca2+

49
Q

Heart disease

A
  • Leading cause of death among women
  • Women have a 46% lifetime probability of developing CHD & a 31% probability of dying from it
  • Estrogen increases HDL
  • Decreases LDL cholesterol

Physiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions