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Physiology > Aging > Flashcards

Aging Flashcards

1
Q

What is the avg max human life span?

A

115 yrs

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2
Q

What is the absolute limit of human life span?

A

125 yrs

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3
Q

Aging rates & variability are due to:

A
  • Genetics & environment
  • Other disease & medical conditions
  • Lifestyle
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4
Q

What accounts for 70% of all deaths in the U.S.?

A

Chronic diseases

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5
Q

Define: aging

A
  • Deterioration in fxn of tissues & organs

- Deterioration in capacity of the body’s homeostatic control system to respond to environmental stresses

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6
Q

What are age-dependent changes?

A

Changes inevitable to age
- Distinct processes occur:
˚ Decrease # of cells
˚ Malfxn of cells that remain

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7
Q

What are age-related changes?

A

Changes that have greater incidence w/ age but are NOT inevitable

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8
Q

What is weight gain accompanied by?

A
  • Body fat

- Decreased body mass

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9
Q

Weight changes seen in males

A
  • 12% body fat at 17

- 28% at 60

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10
Q

Weight changes seen in females

A
  • 25% body fat at 17

- 39% at 60

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11
Q

Changes in body composition

A
  • Decrease in total body H2O due to:
    1. Reduced proteins & lean body mass
    2. Increased total body fat
  • Difficulty regulating body temp
  • Impaired thirst
  • Greater risk of dehydration
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12
Q

Musculoskeletal changes

A
  • Reduced muscle mass (sarcopenia)
    ˚ Loss of Type II fibers*
  • Reduced muscle strength (Decreased aerobic capacity, cartilage strength, & tendon flexibility)
  • Osteoarthritis in weight-bearing joints
  • Decreased bone density
  • Spinal curvature
  • Degenerative joints
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13
Q

Cardio changes

A
  • Slowed HR:
    Takes longer to return to normal after exercise
  • Less efficient circulation:
    Increased risk of blood clots
  • Decreased elasticity, decreased compliance & increased vascular stiffness:
    Fatty build up = arteriosclerosis & increased systolic BP
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14
Q

What change in the respiratory system can increase risk of infection?

A

Intercostal musculature atrophy

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15
Q

Pulmonary changes

A 
- Decreased lung capacity: 
Decreased elasticity & recoil 
- Decreased effectiveness: 
Increased risk of pneumonia 
- Decreased alveolar SA: 
Alveoli thicken, decreased perfusion & gas exchange
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16
Q

Skin changes

A
  • Skin less elastic
  • Oil glands secrete less
  • Decreased moisture –> xerosis = most common sx among old
  • Decreased vascular supply –> slower wound healing
  • Prominent veins, easily bruised
17
Q

Changes in hair & nails

A
  • Nail growth slows & becomes brittle, ridge-like
  • Transparent skin
  • Decreased melanin –> hair turns gray
  • Hirsutism in females
18
Q

Most common presenting sx of UTI?

A

Change in mental status

19
Q

Kidney changes

A
  • Decreased renal mass –> Decreased # glomeruli, Increased glomerulosclerosis
  • Decreased GRF: more difficulty metabolizing drugs
  • Decreased ability to conserve Na+
  • Decreased bladder capacity: Increased frequency of micturition
  • No change in H20/electrolyte distribution or acid base status
20
Q

GI changes

A
  • Decreased saliva –> Increased periodontal disease
  • Decreased taste
  • Decreased peristalsis –> delay in food emptying, increased heartburn
  • Decreased gastric acidity (predisposes to H. pylori)
  • Decreased colonic motility –> increased constipation
  • Gallbladder empties less efficiently –> increased gallstones
21
Q

Repro changes in male

A
  • Decreased testosterone
  • Decreased testicular tissue
  • Prostate hyperplasia –> urinary retention
22
Q

Repro changes in female

A
  • Decreased estrogen, progesterone
  • Increased FSH & LH
  • Menopause
  • Breast atrophy
  • Thinning vaginal walls
  • Risk of bone loss
23
Q

CNS changes

A
  • Cerebral atrophy, decreased blood flow, reduced oxygenation –> mild forgetfulness
  • Problems w/ balance/coordination
24
Q

Vision changes

A
  • Harder to see in dim light
  • Distorted color
  • Accommodation decreases –> presbyopia (can’t focus on near objects), non-accommodating = bifocals needed
  • Decreased secretions –> dryness & itching
25
Q

Presbycusis

A
  • Loss of hearing
  • affects 1/3 of those over 75
  • Due to gradual cumulative loss of hair cells & neurons
    ˚ Difficulty hearing consonants, high frequency, & screening out background noise
26
Q

Otosclerosis

A

Fusion of ear ossicles –> conductive hearing loss

27
Q

Stochastic theories

A

Process of living: Related to environmental impacts

28
Q

What does loss of GH lead to?

A

Decreased protein deposition, replacement w/ fat

29
Q

Effects of decreased GH

A
  • Increased wrinkling
  • Diminished rates of organ fxn
  • Diminished muscle & strength
30
Q

Concentrations of GH

A
  • 5-20 = 6
  • 20-40 = 3
  • 40-70 = 1.6
31
Q

Exercise

A
  • Improves CO, muscle strength & power, bone density, flexibility
  • Decreases fat

Physiology (7 decks)

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