Female repro

Question 1

Cervix

Answer 1

• Thick, acidic mucus

- Poor environment for sperm

Question 2

Progesterone effect on kidney

Answer 2

Natriuretic:

Decreases Na+ reabsorption by competing w/ aldosterone

Question 3

Hormone of pregnancy

Answer 3

Progesterone

- Raises uterine threshold to contractile stimuli during pregnancy

Question 4

Progesterone effect

Answer 4

Postovulation body temp rises

Question 5

Length of a normal cycle

Answer 5

28 days

Question 6

1st day of bleeding

Answer 6

Day 0

Question 7

Follicular phase

Answer 7

• Days 0-13
• Dominated by estrogen
• FSH levels slightly elevated at beginning
• Recruitment of follicles that respond to FSH
• Proliferation of granulosa cells, estrogen secretion
• 1 follicle becomes dominant

Question 8

Follicular effects of estrogen

Answer 8

• Induction of FSH receptors:
  Intensifies FSH effect on follicle, more E2 synthesized
• Induction of E2 receptors:
  Proliferation of granulosa cells, follicle growth
• Induction of LH receptors :
  Development of corpus luteum, progesterone secretion

Question 9

Pulsatile release

Answer 9

• Frequent favors LH

- Less frequent favors FSH

Question 10

Ovulation

Answer 10

• Day 14
• High estradiol threshold reached
• Positive feedback occurs
• Surge in GnRH
• LH surge (increases 10 fold)

Question 11

Ovulation: Release of oocyte

Answer 11

• Day 14
• Caused by high estrogen & LH surge
• Follicular enzymes stimulated by LH digest ovarian wall
• Oocyte released along w/ zona pellucida & corona radiate
• Other follicles undergo atresia

Question 12

Luteal phase

Answer 12

• Days 15-28
• Granulosa & theca cells hypertrophy, acquire organelles for steroidogenesis –> become luteal cells
• Tissue specific gene transcription –> new key enzymes
• W/ LH receptors, metabolic pathway is altered to favor progesterone secretion

Question 13

Luteal phase: Formation of corpus luteum

Answer 13

• Days 15-28
• Luteal cells form from follicle remnant
• Begin to secrete progesterone & some estrogen

Question 14

Endometrium

Answer 14

• Multilayered mucosa
• Implantation & support of pregnancy
• Single layer of epithelium (penetrates stroma)
• Changes in response to ovarian hormone changes

Question 15

Factors effecting flow

Answer 15

1. Thickness of endometrium
2. Medication
3. Diseases affecting clotting