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ESA4 > Puberty and Menopause > Flashcards

Puberty and Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

What does Thelarche mean?

A

Breast Development

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2
Q

What does Puberache mean?

A

Development of Axillary and Pubic Hair

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3
Q

What does Menarche mean?

A

The First Menstrual Period

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4
Q

What does Adrenarche mean?

A

The Increase in Androgen Secretion from the Adrenal Glands

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5
Q

How do you define Puberty?

A

A stage of human development when sexual maturation occurs , results in the ability to reproduce

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6
Q

When are Primary Sexual Characteristics established?

A

Before Birth

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7
Q

How is Puberty initiated?

A

By an increase in the number of GnRH pulses, which increases LH and FSH secretion

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8
Q

What is Precocious Puberty?

A

The Early Onset of Puberty

In females this could mean secondary characteristics before the age of 8, or menarche before the age of 10

In males it means earlier than 9

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9
Q

What is a growth spurt?
When does it occur?
why does it end earlier in girls?

A

A sudden increase in growth
It occurs at at around 10-15 (12 peaks) for Girls and 12-17 (14 peak) for Boys
It ends earlier as Oestrogen fuses the epiphyseal plates earlier

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10
Q

What is the Critical Weight (Puberty)?

A

Critical Weight is the minimum weight a female has to be for menarche
It is about 47kg
It shows Leptins may be involved in signalling for puberty

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11
Q

What are some environmental influences on puberty?

A

Changes in Day Length

Involves Pineal Gland and Melatonin Secretion

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12
Q

What are the hormone changes in puberty?

A

Increase in GnRH secretion
Increases LH and FSH, which leads to steroid production = Sexual Maturation

Increase in Growth Hormone and TSH

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13
Q

What is the first phenotypical change in puberty in fe/males?

A

Breast Development
Testicular Enlargement
Due to Nocturnal LH secretion

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14
Q

At what age does puberty occur?

A

Between 8 and 13 for Girls

Between 9 and 14 for Boys

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15
Q

At what age does Menarche occur?

A

95% of girls between 11-15

Normally before 16 years

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16
Q

What does the increase in LH and FSH do? (Puberty)
In Males?
In Females?

A

Male: Stimulates Spermatogenesis and Androgen Secretion

Androgens lead to the growth of sex accessory structures (prostate…); secondary characteristics and mineral retention (bone/muscle) growth

Females: Increases Oestrogen Production
Androgens from Adrenal Glands increase

Oestrogen and Androgens induces secondary characteristics

17
Q

Why does TSH rise in puberty?

A

Increases Metabolic Rate

Promotes Tissue Growth

18
Q

What are the Secondary Characteristics of Females?

A 
Growth of the Pelvis
Deposition of Subcutaneous Fat
Growth of Internal Repro. Organs
Growth of External Genetalia
(All stimulated by Oestrogen)
Pubic Hair Growth
Lowering Voice
Bone Growth
Increased Secretion from Sebaceous Glands
(Androgens from Adrenal)
19
Q

What are the Secondary Characteristics of Males?

A 
Facial Hair
Growth of the Larynx
Increase Genital Volume and Size
Pubic Hair
Growth Spurt
20
Q

What is the Tanner Standard?

A

The Classification of pubertal development

Stages each Secondary Characteristic

21
Q

What initiates the 1st ovarian cycle?

A

The surge of LH release
Doesn’t usually have ovulation in 1st cycle
Follicle growth stimulates Oestrogen increase

22
Q

What can cause Precocious Puberty?

A

Hormones Secreting Tumours (Dependent of Gonadotrophs)

Early Stimulation of Central Maturation, increase in hormones, not related to the HPG axis

23
Q

What can cause early independent stimulation of maturation?

A

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Tumours
Testotoxicosis
Exogenous Oestrogen/Androgen Exposure

24
Q

What is Delayed Puberty?

A

When the physical changes of puberty aren’t present by 13 or 14
Or there is primary amenorrhoea at 16

25
Q

What can delay puberty?

A

Gonadal Failure

Gonadal Deficiency

26
Q

What can cause Gonadal Failure?

A

Turner’s Syndrome
Post-Malignancy Chemo/Radiotherapy/Surgery
Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndromes

27
Q

What can cause Gonadal Deficiency?

A

Congenital Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism

Hypothalmic/Pitruitary Lesions

Gene Mutations Inactivating FSH/LH or their receptors

28
Q

What is the Climacteric?

A 
The end of the reproductive cycle for females
Has 3 Parts:
Pre Menopause
Menopause
Post Menopause
29
Q

Describe Pre-Menopause

A 
Around 40 years
Follicular phase shortens
No/Early ovulation
Less Oestrogen and Inhibin produced 
Increase in LH and FHS
Reduced fertility
30
Q

Describe Menopause

A

The complete cessation of the menstrual cycle
No follicles left to develop

Vascular changes = hot flushes (due to decrease in Oestrogen)

Endometrium regresses
Myometrium shrinks
Cervix thins
Vaginal rugae are lost

Breast tissue involution
Skin changes
Bladder changes
Bones = Osteoporosis

31
Q

Describe HRT

A

Hormone Replacement Therapy
Aims to reduce/prevent symptoms of the menopause
Topical or Oral

32
Q

What are the main risk factors about HRT?

A

Increase risk of breast malignancy

Endometrium thickens in Oestrogen only preperations so don’t give unless Hysterectomy

33
Q

How is the end of the male reporductive life signalled?

A

There is no defined end
Number/Quality of Sperm can decrease as go on
Testosterone levels can lower

ESA4 (7 decks)

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