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ESA4 > Histology and Anatomy of the Reproductive Tract > Flashcards

Histology and Anatomy of the Reproductive Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Histology of the Uterus?

A

Simple columnar epithelium
Has 2 layers- stratum functionalis (deep spongy and compact) and stratum basalis

Lamina Propria

Myometrium- 4 Layers of smooth muscle

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2
Q

What is the Histology of the Fallopian Tube?

Variations?

A

Simple Columnar, cilliated, has folds, and peg cells (non-ciliated and mucus secreting)
Lamina Propria
Muscular Layer
Serosa

Tha ampulla has a lot of folds and is very ciliated, only 2 layers of muscle

The isthmus is the thickest layer, with 3 layers of muscle has more peg cells

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3
Q

What are the parts of the female reproductive tract?

Include its divisions

A

Ovary
Fallopian Tubes: Fimbrae, Infundibulum, Ampulla, Isthmus
Uterus
Cervix- internal and external O’s and endocervical canal
Vagina
Bulbourethral Glands

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4
Q

What are the parts of the Male reproductive tract?

A

Scrotum - encloses testes epididymis and first part of vas deferens

Testes- has seminiferous tubules, rete testes and ductus deferens.

Seminal Vesicle and Ejaculatory duct

Prostate Gland

Spermatic Cord - transmits stuff

Penis- base, shaft, glans

Bulbourethral Glands- Cowpers and Littles

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5
Q

What is the blood supply to the uterus?

A

Uterine arteries and veins which branch into arcuate arteries
Coiled in functional layer and straight in basal layer
Arteries come from the Internal Iliac

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6
Q

Which artery of the FRT comes from the abdominal aorta?

A

Ovarian Artery

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7
Q

What are the ligaments of the FRM?

A

The round ligament of the uterus and ovary
The Broad Ligament
The suspensory ligament

Minor: Transverse Cervical
Uterosacral Ligament

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8
Q

Describe the Broad Ligament

A 
It is a transverse fold of peritoneum
Mesentery of the uterus
Has 3 parts:
Mesosalphinx
Mesovariam
Mesometrium

It allows mobility and attaches it to the posterior abdominal wall

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9
Q

Describe the Round Ligament,
Clinical Relevence,
Origins

A

Comes from the gubernaculum
Attaches Ovary to the fundus of the uterus and the uterus to the labium majorus
Travels through the inguinal canal
**Spread infection to labia via inguinal nodes

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10
Q

Describe the suspensory ligament

A

It transmits the ovarian lymphatics, arteries and veins and nerve plexus
From ovary to the lateral wall

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11
Q

Describe the histology of the primordial follicle

A

Flat epithelial layer
Before month 7, surrounds multiple oogonia, after surrounds each individual primary oocyte.
Simple squamous cells

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12
Q

Describe the primary follicle

A

Stimulated by FSH
squamous cells -> cuboidal

Becomes multilaminar:
Theca cells produced
Zona pellucida produced by granulosa cells
Stratified GC

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13
Q

Describe the secondary follicle

A

Fluid produced between granulosa cells coalesce to form an antrum
Oocyte is attached via the cumulus oophorus and surrounded by the corona radiata

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14
Q

Describe the Graafian Follicle

A

The Mature follicle

Oocyte is free floating in the antrum as the CO has broken down before ovulation

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15
Q

What happens to the Follicle at/post ovulation

A

It becomes ischaemic and ruptures, allowing the oocyte to move into the lumen of the FT

After, it becomes vascular and the GC and TC become the Corpus Luteum which secretes Oestrogen and Progesterone

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16
Q

What is the Histology of the Ovary

A

Has 2 parts:
Medulla- for passage of blood vessels, nerves, CT and stroma.
Cortex- where germ cells are

Hilum
Surrounded by simple squamous epithelial cells (peritoneum)

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17
Q

What is the Histology of the Breast?

A

It is a system of ducts and tubules
Nipple -> Lactiferous Ducts ->Interlobular Ducts -> Lobules -> Acini/Alveola

Surrounded by Fibrous tissue and adipose
Each Acini has a layer of myoepithelium
Has suspensory ligaments of Cooper to hold breast in position

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18
Q

Describe the ducts of inactive breast

A

Limited branches
Non functioning
Lots of stroma, dense, fibrous
Squamous or Columnar epithelium

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19
Q

Describe the ducts of active breast tissue

A 
Very little stroma (interlobular tissue)
Adipose tissue increases
Milk secretions can be seen
Ducts have more branches
Ducts are more columnar
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20
Q

What is the Histology of the Vagina

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelia- produced gycogen
Submucosa- rich in elastin, highly vascular
Muscle - smooth and skeletal

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21
Q

What is the Histology of the Testes?

A

Tunica Vaginalis

Thick Fibrous Capsule -Tunica Albicans

Seminiferous tubules - Sertoli cells, germ line cells and Leydig

Rete testes - simple cuboidal

Ductus efferentes - scalloped epithelia, myloid and ciliated cells

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22
Q

What is the Histology of the Epididymis?

A

Smooth muscle

1) Basal Cells
2) Myloid (peritubular) layer
3) Principle Cells (Pseudostratified) with Stereocilia

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23
Q

What is the Histology of the Vas Deferens?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar
3 Layers of SM:
Long: Circular: Long

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24
Q

What is the Histology of the Seminal Vesicle?

A

Secretory Epithelium

Smooth Muscle

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25
Q

What is the Histology of the Prostate

A

Cuboidal/Columnar or Pseudostratified
Fibromuscular Stroma
Organised into Zones

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26
Q

Describe the Scrotum

A

Comes from the Labioscrotal folds

It is a cutaneous sac enclosing: Testes, Epididymis and the first part of the Vas deferens/Spermatic cord

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27
Q

What is the Arterial, Venous and Lymphatic supply of the Scrotum?

A

A:
V:
L: Superficial Inguinal

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28
Q

Describe the Testes

A

Surrounded by tunica vaglinalis (remnent of the processus vaginalis)

Then has a thick fibrous capsule - Tunica albicans
(invades into the testes to form interlobular septa)

Made up of Seminiferous tubules which produce spermatazoa
Rete Testes and Ductus Deferens connect them to the epididymis

29
Q

What is the Arterial, Venous and Lymphatic supply of the Testes

A

A: Testicular Artery (from AA)
V: Testicular Vein (to IVC and LRV)
L: Para aortic nodes

30
Q

Describe the Epididymis

A

Has a head, body and tail
Enclosed in the scrotum
Attaches testes to the vas deferens

31
Q

Describe the Spermatic Cord
Transmits?
Where Travels?

A

Transmits the cremasteric artery, artery to VD and the testicular artey
Transmits lymphatic drainage
Pampniform Plexus of Veins
The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
Vas Deferens

Travels through the inguinal canal

32
Q

What are the fascial coverings of the spermatic cord?

What are their origins?

A

External Spermatic Fascia - aponeurosis of the external oblique
Cremasteric Muscle and Fascia- from transversalis and internal oblique
Internal- from transversalis fascia

33
Q

What are the borders of the inguinal canal?

A

Roof: Internal Oblique and Transverse Abdominus
Floor: Inguinal Ligament
Medial:Transversalis fascia and the Conjoint Tendon
Lateral: Aponeurosis of External Oblique

34
Q

What are the borders of Hesselbachs Triangle?

A

Inferior Epigastric Vessels
Inguinal ligament
Rectus Abdominus

35
Q

Describe the Vas Deferens

A

Ascends in the spermatic cord.

Passes through inguinal canal, ascends the pelvic side wall, between the bladder and ureter and forms an ampulla

36
Q

Describe the Seminal Vesicle

A

70-80% semen
Joins the VD to form the ejaculatory duct
It is a diverticulum of the VD
Between the bladder and rectum

37
Q

Describe the Prostate Gland

A

Fibromuscular Gland

Divided into Zones: Peripheral, Transitional, Central

38
Q

Describe the Penis

A

Root, Body, Glans
2 dorsal corpora cavernosa
1 ventral corpus spongiosum

39
Q

What is the Arterial, Venous and Lymphatic supply of the Penis?

A

Internal Pudendal Arteries (internal iliac) and Veins

40
Q

Describe the Perineum of the male

A

Made up of bulbospongiosus and ischocavernosus

Supplied by internal pudendal artery

41
Q

What is the vascular supply of the ovaries?

A

Ovarian Artery from the AA

Ovarian Veins to the IVC and LRV

42
Q

What are the parts of the uterus?

A

The Fundus
The Body
The Cervix
The Fallopian (Uterine) Tubes

43
Q

How does the uterus communicate with the GI and Urinary Tract?

A

The Uterovesicular pouch
The pouch of Douglas (GI)
Can get to via the posterior fornix

44
Q

How is the uterus positioned?

A

Anteverted to the vagina

Anteflexed compared to the cervix

45
Q

How can the position of the uterus change?

A

It is elevated during sexual excitation
The angle of anteflexion can change depending on how full the bladder is
It can be retroverted - easier to prolapse

46
Q

What are the parts of the Fallopian Tube?

Describe

A

The Fimbrae - finger-like projections sweep the ooctye into the FT

The Infundibulum - bell-shaped

The Ampulla- the widest part of the FT, fertilisation normally takes place here

The Isthmus- narrowest part, connects the ampulla to the cavity

Adbominal Ostium - where it is open to the abdominal cavity **spread of infection

47
Q

Describe the Cervix

A

Internal O’s - narrowing of the uterus, seperates Cervix from the Uterus

Endocervical Canal- the most proximal part of the cervix
Mucus secreting columnar cells

External O’s - marks barrier between endo/ectocervix

Ectocervix- stratified squamous epithelia

48
Q

What is the Vascular Supply of the FRT?

A

Ovarian A -> AA

Uterine, Cervical and Vaginal Arteries from the Internal Iliac Artery

49
Q

How can surgery e.g. hysterectomy damage the Urinary system?

A

Ureter passes underneath the uterine artery/vein and can be damaged when they’re removed

50
Q

Where does the uterus drain to?

A

Fundus - Paraaortic and Inguinal Nodes

Body -External/Internal Iliac

Cervix - Sacral and E&I Iliac Nodes

51
Q

Describe the external genitalia

A

Labia Majora- encloses pudendal cleft

Labia Minora- encloses the vestibule

The Vestibule- Vestibular/Bartholins glands, vaginal oriface, urethral oriface,

52
Q

Describe the vagina

A

Has anterior and posterior fornices **can be a place where infection collects, can get into pouches through them

53
Q

What is the innervation of the FRT?

A

Inferior 5th - Pudendal Nerve SOMATIC

Superior- Uterovaginal Plexus

AFFERENT PAIN - S2-4

Perineum - Pudendal and Ilioinguinal nerves

54
Q

What is the path of the pudendal nerve?

A

it goes through the greater sciatic foramen to leave the pelvis and enters the perineum via the lesser sciatic foramen

Travels through the pudendal canal

55
Q

What are the borders of the pelvic inlet?

A

Anterior: The pubic symphysis
Posterior: Sacral prominity
Lateral: The Iliopectineal line

56
Q

What are the borders of the pelvic outlet (hint, they’re the same as the borders of the Perineum)

A

Anterior: Pubic Symphysis
Posterior: The Coccyx
Lateral: Ischial tuberosities and the Sacrotuberous ligaments

57
Q

What muscles make up the Pelvic Floor

A

Levator Ani Muscles
Coccygeus
Superficial Transverse Perineal Muscles

58
Q

What is the function of the pelvic floor?

What is it?

A

To support pelvic viscera
To resist increasing intra-abdominal pressure, prevent prolapse
Attachment for muscles
Act as a sphincter for urinary and faecal continence

It is an layer that separates the perineum from the pelvic cavity

59
Q

What are the levator ani muscles?
What are they attached to?
Innervation?

A

Pudendal Nerve (S2-4)

They form a broad, muscular sheath

Puborectalis (tonic contractions create the anorectal angle, help continence)
Pubococcygeus - main part, forms around the urogenital hiatus/triangle
Iliococcygeus - thin fibres

All insert into the tendinous arch (formed by obturator internus)

60
Q

Describe Coccygeus

A

Smallest, most posterior pelvic floor muscle
Ischial spines -> Coccyx and Sacrum
Innervated by anterior rami of S4 and 5

61
Q

What is the Perineum?

A

An anatomical area between the thighs, inferior to the pelvic floor

62
Q

What are the boundaries of the Perineum?

Divisions?

A

Anterior: The pubic symphysis
Posterior: The Coccyx
Lateral: the ischial tuberosities and the sacrotuberous ligaments.

Anterior Triangle : Urogenital Hiatus/Triangle
Posterior Triangle: Anal Triangle
Inbetween there is the Perineal body

63
Q

What are the layers of the anterior triangle?
From the Pelvic Floor Muscles downwards
What is in each layer?

A

The deep perineal pouch - urethra and external urethral sphincters located here. In the male the bulbourethral glands and deep transverse P. muscle

The perineal membrane- thick fascia, urethra and vagina perforate. Muscles attach

The superficial Pouch - Bulbospongiosus and superficial transverse perineal muscle in males
Bartholins glands in female
Erectile tissue of clitoris and penis

Deep perineal fascia

The superficial Fascia - forms mons pubis and labia majora, fatty tissue

64
Q

What is the contents of the posterior triangle (the anal triangle)

A

Anal aperture
External anal sphincter - maintains faecal continence
Ischiorectal fossae - 2x located either side of the anal aperture, aid expansion during defaecation, can become infected

65
Q

What is the perineal body?
Located?
Function?
Clinical Relevence?

A

An irregular, fibromuscular mass, located in between the 2 triangles, just deep to the skin

Acts as an attachment for muscles (continence, support viscera, prevent prolapse) and is tear-resistant

Be careful giving birth

66
Q

What is the innervation of the Perineum?

A

The pudendal nerve

67
Q

What is the arterial supply of the perineum?

A

The internal pudendal artery

68
Q

What muscles attach to the perineal body?

A

Levator Ani muscles
Bulbospongiosus muscle
external anal/urethral sphincters

ESA4 (7 decks)

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