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Pts with Developmental Disabilities - Jensen Flashcards

1
Q

Statistically which gender has higher prevlance than the other in regards to DD (developmental disabilities)?

A

Males - twice the prevalance as females

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2
Q

True or False. DD population has a higher incidence of learning related vision anomalies than the general population?

A

True

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3
Q

True or False. Children insured by medical had a two fold higher prevalance

A

False. Insured under medicaid

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4
Q

Down syndrome, will display what chromosomes being attached?

A

14, 21, 22

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5
Q

What is the incidence for Down syndrome (DS)?

A

1:700 live birth

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6
Q

What are the chances of having another child after a DS child is born?

A

1 in 100

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7
Q

What part of the skull or brain is flatter than normal in DS pts?

A

Occiptal lobe

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8
Q

How does a flat nasal bridge impact a DS child?

A

Glasses are hard to fit

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9
Q

What is a common oculomotor dysfunction in DS pts?

A

Nystagmus

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10
Q

True or False. Memory is decreased over the years in DS?

A

True

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11
Q

What are common ocular issues DS will present with?

A

Keratoconus
Broad Epicanthal folds
Oblique palpebral fissures
Blepharitis - severe and young due to this the mechanical rub will cause keratoconus

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12
Q

What are brushfields spots?

A

White spots on the cornea - common in DW pt

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13
Q

True or False. Cataracts will show at 40YO in normal beings but in DS when do they play out?

A

20 to 30yrs of age

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14
Q

True or False. Cardiac anomalies are less likely compared to pulmonary anomalies in DS pts.

A

False. Cardiac issues are the most comon

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15
Q

What will you find the most common, hyperopia or Myopia in DS?

A

Hyperopia

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16
Q

What is cerebral palsy (CP)?

A

Childhood disease that causes rigid or spastic muscle in the limbs - disease caused by lack of oxygen to the child and a lesion in the immature brain

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17
Q

What is the hallmark sign of CP?

A

Abnormal muscle tone

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18
Q

To what age will CP show hypotonicity, then display hypertonicity

A

6 to 9 months

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19
Q

What is the most common type of CP?

A

Spastic - 70 to 80%

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20
Q

What is the sub type for CP when the legs are effected than arms

A

Diplegia

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21
Q

Hypotonicity is called what type of CP?

A

Ataxic - cerebellum has a lesion

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22
Q

True or False. CP is an aquired risk

A

True

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23
Q

What will increase the risk of CP by 5 times?

A

Premature birth

Note: Birth weight will be changed 20 times

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24
Q

What is the mean of CP individuals living up to?

A

age 50

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25
True or False. CP individuals have above avg intelligence level.
True
26
What is the most common systemic charcteristics
Delayed motor development
27
What is the common refractive error in CP?
Hyperopia
28
What is the common stype of strabismus in CP?
They are equal | Exo = Eso
29
What is the most common type of oculomotor dysfunction in CP pts?
Pursuits and Saccades are impacted
30
What are common things to remember when examining CP pts?
Positioning, No sudden movement, No loud, unexpected noises, speak smoothly and softly. SMILE
31
What sub type of CP display's slow writhing movements along with involuntary movements that interfere with normal motor function; gaze anomalies, drooling, abnormal gait(basal ganglia damage)
Athetoid
32
What is fragile X syndrome?
Most commonly inherited form ID caused by repeated nucleotide (FMR - 1 gene is unstable)
33
Which gender is impacted the most with FX?
Males
34
What is the hallmark for FX?
Macroodisasm (enlarged testes)
35
What is a common systemic charcteristics?
Scoliosis
36
What is the common IQ for FX pt?
22 to 65
37
FX pt will question you many times but what is the biggest difference between them and autistic individual?
``` FX = expect and answer Autism = don't need an answer ```
38
What is the most common ocular charactertics in FX pt?
``` Refractive Error(17%), sometimes high Nystagmus Strabismus Esotropia > Exotropia Ptosis Deficits in visual processing ```
39
What is Autism?
A group of developmental disabilities characterized by atypical development in: Socialization, Communication and Behavior
40
What are three common multisystem disorders with documented abnormalities in Autism?
1. Immune system 2. Gastrointestinal System 3. Metabolism
41
At what age can be Autism be diagnosed?
prior to 3 years f age
42
What is Asperger's syndrome?
High level function of autism | -retain ability to communicate
43
What is Rett syndrome
Mutation on the X chromosome. | -Motor and language function loss
44
What is on the autism spectrum stat conducted by CDC?
1 to 68
45
What is the most common gender to manifest autism?
Males - 5 times the amount Note: When females have autism, they have more issues
46
True or False. Asperger's syndrome usually have above average intelligence?
True
47
What is the most common facts about asperger's syndrome?
Difficulty with eye contact, Odd repttive movements, unusual sensory responses, don't do small talk
48
True or False. Identical twins, likely to be on the spectrum of autism?
True
49
What are three common associated disorders linked to Autism?
Fragile X, Down Syndrome and Tuberous Sclerosis
50
What are characteristics of Autism?
Hypersensitive or hyposentive to touch, taste, smell or sounds.
51
True or False. Sensory processing skills are diminished in autistic individuals
True Note: Toe walking will occur. They need to be in contact with the ground at all times
52
What is the most common Visual Characrteristics of austism?
Poor fixation - won't make eye contacts
53
What structures are impacted in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
Brain cells are interrupted by alcohol exposure. Note: We don't know if it could be the drugs that is taken at the same time impacted
54
True or False. FAS is more common in Europe
True
55
What are physical chacactertics of FAS?
Flat maxilla, Microcephaly, thin upper lip
56
What are the systemic characterisitcs of FAS?
Growth retardation, CNS disorders and Learning disabilities
57
What are Visual Charactertics of FAS?
``` High myopia and astigmatism Oculomotor anomalies Strabismus Cataracts Optic Nerve hypoplasia ```
58
What is the characteristic of Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD)?
Inability of the individual to organize sensory information he/she receives from their environment
59
What are good methods for exam techniques for special populations?
Snellen letters, Cardiff cards, Teller acuity cards, LEA paddles and fix and follow.
60
What is the standard for recognition acuity?
Lea symbols
61
What is the VA criteria for Forced choice prefrential looking?
1 mth = 20/800 6 mth= 20/100 1 year = 20/50 3 year = 20/20 Note: VA's should be similiar to each eye and significance is 2 line difference
62
What enterance tests should you make?
Pursuits, Saccades, EOM's, NSUCO/SCCO (norms start at 5 YO), color vision (Ishihara, HRR), Visual Fields (do kinetic fields if they can't count), NPC (interesting target), CT (use thumb as an occluder for young small pts) Note: make sure you make noise to get their attention at all times
63
You can't get a binocularity test, what should you conduct?
10PD vertical prism test to get a response
64
What is the ratio for Hirschberg?
1mm = 22PD
65
At what age should you see expected norms for NPC?
6 months
66
What is a good test for finding refractive error?
Bruckner reflex Note: You only do this to find high refractive error Inferior crescents - Myopia Superior crescents - hyperopia
67
What is the modification correction factor for mohindra retinoscopy?
-1.25 if over two years and -0.75 if under two years
68
What is an excellent way to find the posterior seg of special population?
OCT

Pediatrics (6 decks)

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