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Pediatrics > 1 - Development > Flashcards

1 - Development Flashcards

1
Q

Which theory has stages in development which follow a universal and nonvarying sequence with biological maturation being the prinicple force?

a. Maturational Theory (Gesell)
b. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
c. Constructivist Theory (Piaget)
d. Behaviorist Approach (Skinner)

A

a. Maturational Theory (Gesell)

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2
Q

What theory states that development is the result of learning from past experiences?

a. Maturational Theory (Gesell)
b. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
c. Constructivist Theory (Piaget)
d. Behaviorist Approach (Skinner)

A

d. Behaviorist Approach (Skinner)

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3
Q

What theory is based on changes in ways that children acquire knowledge about the world?

a. Maturational Theory (Gesell)
b. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
c. Constructivist Theory (Piaget)
d. Behaviorist Approach (Skinner)

A

c. Constructivist Theory (Piaget)

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4
Q

What theory is based on outcomes that have occurred from earlier times?

a. Maturational Theory (Gesell)
b. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
c. Constructivist Theory (Piaget)
d. Behaviorist Approach (Skinner)

A

b. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)

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5
Q

How many cells is a zygote made of?

a. 1
b. 2
c. 10
d. 100

A

a. 1

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6
Q

At around 2 weeks of conception, what does NOT occur?

a. mitosis has formed a hollow ball
b. blastocyst has been formed
c. splitting of the chromosome occurs
d. uterine wall has been involved in the process

A

c. splitting of the chromosome occurs

Note: This is false, as the chromosome is a full 46 (23 from the sperm and 23 from the egg)

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7
Q

True or False. At around 2 weeks, the embryonic stage occurs where cell division and differentiation turn into organs and body structures (Organogenesis).

A

False. This occurs at around 3 to 8 weeks. Everything else is correct.

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8
Q

What is the Amnionic Sac filled with?

a. collagen
b. placental fluid
c. chorionic fluid
d. amniotic fluid

A

d. amniotic fluid

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9
Q

Which of the following does the placenta protect from?

a. glucose
b. viruses
c. alcohol
d. bacteria

A

d. bacteria

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10
Q

At what point, during the fetal period, will the fetus start to open and close its eyes?

a. 5 months
b. 6 months
c. 7 months
d. 8 months

A

c. 7 months

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11
Q

True or False. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder affects about 1 percent of the population. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is the most clinically recognizable form of FASD?

A

True.

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12
Q

What are possible ocular anomalies of FASD?

A

Optic nerve hypoplasia, Coloboma, Microcornea, Cataract, and HIgh refractive error

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13
Q

An infection of Rubella in the 1st trimester can result in what ocular findings?

A

Cataract and Retinopathy

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14
Q

If there is exposure in the 1st half of pregnancy of chickenpox or fifth disease, what ocular conditions can result?

A

Chorioretinitis and Cataract

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15
Q

What will CMV cause during pregnancy?

A

Cytomegalovirus will cause increased LBW, neurological problems, chorioretinal lesions

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16
Q

What ocular findings will you see with Toxoplasmosis?

A

Chorioretinal lesions, optic atrophy, cataract and strabismus

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17
Q

What ocular condition will occur 2 weeks fater birth, if poor glucose control isn’t stable (diabetes)?

A

Abnormal Iris Vasculature

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18
Q

At 5 months, what is the infant able to achieve?

A

Rolls over one way, imprecise reaching of objects

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19
Q

What can be achieved at 5 to 8 months?

A

Sit alone, creeping, grasps and manipulates

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20
Q

What can be achieved at 8 to 10 months?

A

Crawling, standing up holding furniture, cruising

21
Q

What can be achieved at 12 months

A

Standing, walking, holding adults hands

22
Q

What can be achieved at 15 months?

A

Walking, throw objects, holds spoon, turns book pages, can build tower

23
Q

What can be achieved at 2 years?

A

Jumps, runs, kicks, climbs stairs, scribbles, builds 6 block tower, eat by themselves, most children have chosen a dominant hand

24
Q

What can be achieved at 3 years?

A

Hops 2 or 3, throws a ball 10 feet, zippers and buttons, draw circle

25
Q

What can be achieved at 5 years?

A

Copy circle, cross, square and triangle, mature pencil grip

26
Q

What is the age range for cognitive development for Sensorimotor stage?

A

Birth to 2 years

27
Q

What is the age range for cognitive development for Preoperational stage?

A

2 to 7 years

28
Q

What is the age range for Concrete operations stage?

A

7 to 11 years

Can reverse think

29
Q

At what age can abstract thoughts occur?

A

11 years and on

30
Q

At what age does an individual gain 20/20 acuity?

A

3 years of age

31
Q

When does VA reach adult levels when using VEP ad FPL?

A 
VEP = 6 months
FPL = 3 to 5 years of age
32
Q

When does fixation of faces occur and the same thing for lights, visual and auditory objects?

A

Faces = Birth

Lights, Visual and Auditory objects = 3 months

33
Q

What type of method is used by infants to reach a target?

A

Hypometric - adult like by 4 months

34
Q

When are adult like pursuits occur?

A

4 months

35
Q

When is the OKN system symmetric at what age?

A

3 to 6 months

36
Q

When does VOR present itself?

A

Birth

37
Q

When are coordinated eye-head movements occur?

A

3 months

38
Q

How much convergence can a newborn conduct?

A

10 inches

Adult like convergence = 6 months

39
Q

When does stereopsis onset occur?

A

3.5 months

40
Q

How many minarc’s will steropsis occur at 6 months?

A

1 minarc

41
Q

When does accommodation become adult like?

A

4 months

Accommodation is present at birth but is inaccurate

42
Q

True or False. Contrast sensitivity matures at 3 to 4 months

A

False. Develops into childhood

43
Q

When is there full color vision in infancy?

A

4 months

44
Q

What is the most common vision disorder for children 5 months to 6 years of age?

A

Refractive error (64.5%) - hyperopia being the most

Strabismus is second at 21.1%

45
Q

When are the largest emmetropization changes occur?

A

12 to 18 months of age

46
Q

What is the avg amount of hyperopia in infancy?

A

+2.00D

Note: 50% have astigmatism

47
Q

What is the most common cause of vision loss in people under 45?

A

Amblyopia

48
Q

What is the percentage of ocular diseases occuring in infancy?

A

0.1% to 1%

49
Q

What are the most common X-linked color vision defects?

A

Protan and Deutan

Note: More commonly in males

Pediatrics (6 decks)

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