2 - Pediatric Eye Exam Techniques for Infants and Young Children Flashcards

1
Q

what are some challenges of a pediatric eye exam?

A

requires skill, speed and enthusiasm and requires variety of VA tests and binocular function tests

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2
Q

what is the basic purpose of the pediatric eye exam?

A

to identify and initiate management of: amblyopia, strabismus, refractive error, ocular/visual pathology and significant functional vision issues

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3
Q

what are you concerned about specifically for infants (birth to 18 months)?

A

amblyopia, strabismus (congenital or pseudo-ET), high refractive error, congenital malformations, neurologic disorders, pathology, development delays

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4
Q

what are you concerned about specifically for toddlers (18 months - 3 years)?

A

amblyopia, strabismus (accommodative-ET), moderate refractive error, congenital malformations, pathology, development delays

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5
Q

what are you concerned about specifically for preschoolers (3-5 years)?

A

amblyopia, significant phorias/tropias, mild-moderate refractive error, ocular or visual pathway pathologies

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6
Q

what are you concerned about specifically for school-aged children (6-18 years)?

A

amblyopia, significant phorias/tropias, mild-moderate refractive error, functional BV/accommodaitve anomalies, oculomotor dysfunction, learning difficulties, color vision anomalies, ocular/visual pathway pathology

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7
Q

what do you look for when you are observing the child?

A

general appearance, developmental milestones, behavior/energy level, use of glasses, level of independence, head/body posture

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8
Q

what parts are different for a child’s history than adults?

A

birth history, delays in reaching milestones, social/educational history

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9
Q

what are 4 types of VA tests for infants?

A

preferential looking, M/B fixation pattern (avoid), OKN and VEP

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10
Q

what are 2 types of VA tests for toddlers/preschool children?

A

preferential looking (cardiff) and subjective (lea symbols, patti pics, HOTV, tumbling E, brocken wheel)

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11
Q

what type of VA test can you use for school-age children?

A

recognition

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12
Q

what is the monocular/binocular fixation pattern (fix, follow, maintain) VA method?

A

gross assessment of acuity and relative difference in acuity between eyes

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13
Q

why should you avoid the monocular/binocular fixation pattern (fix, follow, maintain) VA method?

A

not quantitative (or reliable), may show fixation preference without amblyopia when strabismus is present

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14
Q

what are the general advantages of the VEP?

A

most objective test - doesn’t require perceptual recognition, communication, coordinated motor responses

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15
Q

what are the general limitations of the VEP?

A

expensive, time consuming (set up), and rarely used in clinic

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16
Q

what is preferential looking (PL)?

A

child will fixate on a pattern rather than a plain stimulus - no preference observed when the pattern cannot be resolved

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17
Q

what are the advantages of PL?

A

objective, doesn’t require perceptual recognition, communication, coordinated motor responses

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18
Q

what are the limitations of PL?

A

tests near VA only, underestimates VA loss due to amblyopia, refractive error and macular/foveal pathology, difficult to judge pattern with strabismus/nystagmus, time-consuming, expensive

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19
Q

when does FPL reach adult levels?

A

increases rapidly in the first 6 months and reaches adult levels at 3-5 years

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20
Q

what is the VA using FPL for a 1 month old? 3 month? 6 month? 12 month?

A
FPL = 1 cycle/degree (20/600)
FPL = 3 cycles/degree (20/200)
FPL = 6 cycles/degree (20/100)
FPL = 12 cycles/degree (20/50)
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21
Q

what are tellar acuity cards? advantages/disadvantages?

A

measure VA in infants
advantage = monocular and binocular norms, peep-hole
disadvantage = large and difficult to transport

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22
Q

what are the lea grating paddles?

A

same grating pattern as tellar cards = more portable but examiners face can be distracting

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23
Q

what are the cardiff cards?

A

alternative preferential looking test for toddlers or individuals with disabilities (6 familiar pictures = fish, house, apple, train, boat, duck)
vanishing optotypes

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24
Q

what are the advantages/disadvantages for cardiff cards?

A
advantage = pictures maintain interest
disadvantage = poor at detecting refractive error
25
Q

what is the expected cardiff acuity (monocular) for a 12-18 month old?

A

+0.4 to +0.8 LogMAR (20/50 - 20/120)

26
Q

what is the expected cardiff acuity (monocular) for a 18-24 month old?

A

+0.1 to +0.7 LogMAR (20/25 - 20/100)

27
Q

what is the expected cardiff acuity (monocular) for a 24-30 month old?

A

+0.1 to +0.5 LogMAR (20/25 - 20/60)

28
Q

what is the expected cardiff acuity (monocular) for a 30-36 month old?

A

+0.0 to +0.3 LogMAR (20/20 - 20/40)

29
Q

what is required from the child to perform subjective VA’s?

A

receptive and expressive communication skills (verbal or coordinated motor responses)
usually tested at 10ft

30
Q

what are the advantages for the lea symbols, patti pics and HOTV?

A

both can be used at distance and near, well standardized and available in LogMAR form with crowding bars

31
Q

when can you use the tumbling E?

A

it is a resolution acuity task = required understanding of laterality and directionality

32
Q

when can you use the broken wheel for VA?

A

it is a resolution acuity/two-forced choice = doesn’t require understanding of laterality or directionality

33
Q

when do you use the allen figures?

A

avoid - they are not well standardized and no consistent critical detail

34
Q

what is the expected LogMAR monocular acuity for a 3 year old?

A

+0.450 to -0.025 (20/50-20/20)

35
Q

what is the expected LogMAR monocular acuity for a 4 year old?

A

+0.250 to -0.100 (20/40 - 20/15)

36
Q

what is the expected LogMAR monocular acuity for a 5 year old?

A

+0.175 to -0.150 (20/30 - 20/15)

37
Q

what is the expected LogMAR monocular acuity for a 6 year old?

A

+0.175 to -0.200 (20/30 - 20/15)

38
Q

what is the expected LogMAR monocular acuity for a 7 year old?

A

+0.175 to -0.225 (20/30 - 20/10)

39
Q

what is a significant difference between eyes or visits for the keeler cards, cardiff cards, snellen, or LogMAR?

A
keeler = 2 cards 
cardiff = 2 cards
snellen = 3 lines 
LogMAR = 4 letterns
40
Q

why should you make of note of the child’s co-operation?

A

often you get good co-operation for one eye and then the child gets bored and the other eye doesn’t look as good
need to compare to other visits/future tests

41
Q

how should you measure a child’s subjective refractive error?

A

use a trial frame instead of phoropter (pay close attention to child’s behavior, quality of responses)

42
Q

what are 4 ways to determine a childs eye alignment (motor evaluation)?

A

hirschberg, krimsky, bruckner and cover test

43
Q

what are 4 things that a bruckner test can tell you?

A

presence of: strabismus, anisometropia, media opacities, pupil size asymmetries
and insight into likelihood of amblyopia

44
Q

which eye will have the brighter reflex during the bruckner test if the patient has strabismus?

A

the turned eye = brighter reflex

45
Q

what sensory test can you use with infants and toddlers?

A

stereo smile

46
Q

what sensory tests can you use with preschoolers?

A

worth 4 dot, random dot E, randot sterofly

47
Q

when performing ocular motilities on children, what are you looking for?

A

comitancy, nystagmus, potential VF defects

48
Q

what are the 6 categories of ocular motilities?

A

position maintenance (fixation), versions (EOMs), smooth pursuits, saccades, NPC (vergences), VOR and OKN

49
Q

when is the accommodative status the most relevant?

A

at school age

50
Q

what is the monocular estimation method (MEM) assessing?

A

the accuracy of the accommodative system

51
Q

when is color vision a concern?

A

when children are 3-4 years old (1/12 males and 1/200 females)

52
Q

what are the 3 tests for color vision?

A

waggoner HRR, ishihara, and PV-16

53
Q

what are you looking for specifically in the orbit, lids/lashes and lacrimal system?

A
size/position of orbit
lid position (entropion, ectropion), trichiasis, hordeolum/chalazion and if lacrimal system is obstructed
54
Q

what are you looking for on the iris? lens?

A

lisch nodules

opacities and red reflex

55
Q

what size pupils for infants usually have?

A

usually miotic and are larger when startled

56
Q

what are the signs of congenital glaucoma?

A

increased corneal diameter, corneal clouding, Haab’s striae, large/asymmetric cupping, optic atrophy, associated systemic or ocular abnormalities (iris, angle)

57
Q

when should you perform a DFE on a child?

A

all children especially at first eye exam

58
Q

why is DO difficult on young children?

A

due to proximity - have a tendency to keep looking at the light
indirect methods are more successful