2 - Pediatric Eye Exam Techniques for Infants and Young Children Flashcards
what are some challenges of a pediatric eye exam?
requires skill, speed and enthusiasm and requires variety of VA tests and binocular function tests
what is the basic purpose of the pediatric eye exam?
to identify and initiate management of: amblyopia, strabismus, refractive error, ocular/visual pathology and significant functional vision issues
what are you concerned about specifically for infants (birth to 18 months)?
amblyopia, strabismus (congenital or pseudo-ET), high refractive error, congenital malformations, neurologic disorders, pathology, development delays
what are you concerned about specifically for toddlers (18 months - 3 years)?
amblyopia, strabismus (accommodative-ET), moderate refractive error, congenital malformations, pathology, development delays
what are you concerned about specifically for preschoolers (3-5 years)?
amblyopia, significant phorias/tropias, mild-moderate refractive error, ocular or visual pathway pathologies
what are you concerned about specifically for school-aged children (6-18 years)?
amblyopia, significant phorias/tropias, mild-moderate refractive error, functional BV/accommodaitve anomalies, oculomotor dysfunction, learning difficulties, color vision anomalies, ocular/visual pathway pathology
what do you look for when you are observing the child?
general appearance, developmental milestones, behavior/energy level, use of glasses, level of independence, head/body posture
what parts are different for a child’s history than adults?
birth history, delays in reaching milestones, social/educational history
what are 4 types of VA tests for infants?
preferential looking, M/B fixation pattern (avoid), OKN and VEP
what are 2 types of VA tests for toddlers/preschool children?
preferential looking (cardiff) and subjective (lea symbols, patti pics, HOTV, tumbling E, brocken wheel)
what type of VA test can you use for school-age children?
recognition
what is the monocular/binocular fixation pattern (fix, follow, maintain) VA method?
gross assessment of acuity and relative difference in acuity between eyes
why should you avoid the monocular/binocular fixation pattern (fix, follow, maintain) VA method?
not quantitative (or reliable), may show fixation preference without amblyopia when strabismus is present
what are the general advantages of the VEP?
most objective test - doesn’t require perceptual recognition, communication, coordinated motor responses
what are the general limitations of the VEP?
expensive, time consuming (set up), and rarely used in clinic
what is preferential looking (PL)?
child will fixate on a pattern rather than a plain stimulus - no preference observed when the pattern cannot be resolved
what are the advantages of PL?
objective, doesn’t require perceptual recognition, communication, coordinated motor responses
what are the limitations of PL?
tests near VA only, underestimates VA loss due to amblyopia, refractive error and macular/foveal pathology, difficult to judge pattern with strabismus/nystagmus, time-consuming, expensive
when does FPL reach adult levels?
increases rapidly in the first 6 months and reaches adult levels at 3-5 years
what is the VA using FPL for a 1 month old? 3 month? 6 month? 12 month?
FPL = 1 cycle/degree (20/600) FPL = 3 cycles/degree (20/200) FPL = 6 cycles/degree (20/100) FPL = 12 cycles/degree (20/50)
what are tellar acuity cards? advantages/disadvantages?
measure VA in infants
advantage = monocular and binocular norms, peep-hole
disadvantage = large and difficult to transport
what are the lea grating paddles?
same grating pattern as tellar cards = more portable but examiners face can be distracting
what are the cardiff cards?
alternative preferential looking test for toddlers or individuals with disabilities (6 familiar pictures = fish, house, apple, train, boat, duck)
vanishing optotypes