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Mixed facts > PT 1.0 > Flashcards

PT 1.0 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypercalcaemia causes

A
  1. Primary hyperparathyroidism
  2. Malignancy:
    -bony mets
    -myeloma
    -PTHrP from squamous cell lung cancer
  3. Sarcoidosis
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2
Q

Viral meningitis LP vs Bacterial

A

Viral (commonly Coxsackie B): lymphocyte predominant, mildly elevated protein and normal glucose
Bacterial: low glucose, high protein, polymorphs

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3
Q

Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) Sx

A

vertigo
hearing loss
tinnitus
absent corneal reflex
-CNVIII: unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, unilateral tinnitus
-CN V: absent corneal reflex
-CNVII: facial palsy

Ix: MRI cerebellopontine angle

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4
Q

Genital herpes Sx and Ix

A

Sx: painful ulcers, systemic upset, painful lymphadenopathy

Ix: nucleic acid amplification test

Tx: oral aciclovir

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5
Q

Bacterial vaginosis Sx + Mx

A

Gardnerella vaginalis
-Fishy offensive vaginal smell
-thin, white discharge
-ph >4.5
None if asymptomatic
Symptomatic- oral metronidazole 5-7 days

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6
Q

Bacterial vaginosis vs Trichomonas

A

BV: thin, white dischagre
Trich: frothy, yellow/green discharge, strawberry cervix and vuvlvovaginitis

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7
Q

Vaginal candidiasis (thrush) Sx, Ix, Mx

A

‘cottage cheese’ discharge
vuvitis- superficial dyspareunia, dysuria
itch
No Ix needed
Mx: oral fluconazole 150mg single dose

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8
Q

Bechet’s syndrome Sx

A

Oral and genital ulcers
Anterior uveitis
Thrombophlebitis/DVT

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9
Q

Syphillis Sx

A

-painless ulcer
-local non-tender lymphadenopathy

later can get:
-fevers, lymphadenopathy, painless warty lesions

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10
Q

Pain on drinking alcohol+ lymph node swelling

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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11
Q

Testicular torsion vs epididymitis

A

TT: severe, unilateral pain and swelling, raising it does NOT alleviate pain
Epididymitis: elevation eases pain

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12
Q

Pneumonia + hyponatraemia

A

Legionella pneuomonia

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13
Q

Histo: Reed-sternberg/ large multinucleate cells with eosinophillic features/ mirror image nucleoi

A

Hodgkin’s lymphoma

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14
Q

Scabies treatment

A

Permethrin 5%, all household and close contacts should be treated

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15
Q

Psoriatic arthritis xray

A

erosions in joint- ‘pencil in cup’ appearance

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16
Q

Post op complications

A

5 Ws
Day 1-2: ‘Wind’ - Pneumonia, aspiration, Pulmonary Embolism
Day 3-5: ‘Water’ - Urinary tract infection (esp. if catheterised)
Day 5-7: ‘Wound’ - Infection at the surgical site or abscess formation
Day 5+: ‘Walking’ - Deep vein thrombosis or Pulmonary embolism
Any time: ‘Wonder Drugs’, transfusion reactions, sepsis, line contamination.

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17
Q

AAA surgery threshold

A

> 5.5cm / symptomatic
US every 3 months

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18
Q

Acute bronchitis Mx

A

with co-morbidities: oral doxycycline
without: supportive management

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19
Q

Heart failure CXR findings

A

Alveolar oedema (bat’s wings)
Kerley B lines (interstitial oedema)
Cardiomegaly
Dilated prominent upper lobe vessels
Effusion (pleural)

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20
Q

COPD target 02 sats

A

Non-CO2 retainer: 94-98%
CO2 retainer: 88-92%

Check ABG to see if they are a CO2 retainer

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21
Q

Acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma) Sx

A

-unilateral deafness/tinnitus
-vertigo
-absent corneal reflex

MRI of cerebellopontine angle

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22
Q

Otosclerosis Sx

A

-bilateral conductive hearing loss/ tinnitus
-+ve family history
-age of onset 20-40

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23
Q

Meniere’s disease sx

A

Hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus and sensation of fullness or pressure in one or both ears
Episodic

24
Q

Types of hypersensitivity

A

Type I: IgE e.g. hayfever, rhinitis, drug/food anaphylaxis

Type II: IgG/M e.g. transfusion reactions

Type III: IgG/IgM e.g. SLE, RA, post strep glomerulo

Type IV: T cell e.g. T1DM, MS

25
Q

Perthes’ disease

A

Sx: Hip pain over a few weeks, limp, stiffnes and reduced movement
can have muscle wasting over hip and +ve trendelenburg
Dx: X-ray

26
Q

Viral labryinthitis sx

A

Vertigo exacerbated by movement
N&V, hearing loss, tinnitus

usually self limiting, prochlorperazine may help with vertigo

27
Q

COPD LOT threshold

A

If resting sats 92% test ABG,
if PO2 <7.3kPa, O2 therapy referral

28
Q

Lupus flare vs infection

A

Flare: isolated rise in ESR

Infection: CRP, WBC, ESR raise

29
Q

Pregnant women UTI

A

Symptomatic: nitrofurantoin
Asymptomatic: amoxicillin 7 days

30
Q

Myeloma histology

A

Rouleaux formation

31
Q

Sickle cell crisis sx + ix + mx

A

Vaso-occlusive events: obstruction of blood flow by sickled erthrocytes
Ix: haemoglobin electrophoresis
-analgesia, rehydrate, O2

32
Q

chronic myeloid leukaemia blood film

A

increase in granulocytes at different stages of maturation +/- thrombocytosis
Sx: splenomegaly

33
Q

multiple myeloma histo

A

increased number of plasma cells

34
Q

Most common type of prostate cancer

A

Adenocarcinoma

35
Q

Bilateral nerve block given in the vagina for instrument assisted delivery blocks which nerve?

A

Pudendal (supplies the vagina, external genitalia and perianal area)

36
Q

Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis

A

Sx: headache, seziure, decreased GCS, raised ICP symptoms, papiloedema
RF: pregnancy, COCP
Dx: MRI with venography

37
Q

Ovarian cancer on a bx of endometriosis histology

A

-endometrioid carcinomas with clear cell
in NON ENDOMETRIOSIS
serous carcinomas with epithelial cells

38
Q

clozapine side effects

A

-agranulocytosis, neutropenia
-reduced seizure threshold
-constipation
-myocarditis

39
Q

MOA + SE retinoblastoma

A

Loss of copies on both genes (C13)

SE: absence of red-reflex, strabismus and visual problems

40
Q

COPD MOA

A

Proteolytic destruction of alveoli

41
Q

Stages of labour

A

Active stage 1: 4cm dilated to fully
Stage 2: delivery
Stage 3: delivery of fetus and membranes

42
Q

Phaeochromocytoma sx

A

hypertension
headaches
palpitations
sweating
anxiety
IX: 24 hour metanephrines
Mx: initially alpha blocker e.g. phenoxybenzamine then surgical

43
Q

primary hyperaldosteronism Sx

A

hypertension, hypokalemia (muscle weakness)

44
Q

Mastitis Mx

A

1st line: continue breastfeeding with analgesia + warm compress
If sign of infection or not improving, give 10 days oral flucloxacillin 10-14 days which can be breastfed with

45
Q

Pre-eclampsia vs eclampsia Mx

A

Pre-eclampsia management: Oral labetalol
Eclampsia management: Magnesium sulfate (to prevent seizures in severe pre-eclampsia and if seizures begin)

46
Q

Calcium channel blocker SEs

A

HF, constipation, hypotension, heart failure, ankle swelling

47
Q

IgA nephropathy vs Post-Streptococcal glomerulonephritis

A

IgA: HPP rash, 1-2 days posst URTI, haemturia, arthralgia

PSG: oedema, hypertension, headache, proteinuria

48
Q

DVT prophylaxis in pregnancy

A

apixaban is NOT safe in pregnancy
Dalteparin is

49
Q

Ibuprofen pregnancy RF

A

Premature closure of ductus arteriosus

50
Q

Epidural drug used

A

Bupivacaine

51
Q

what receptors do atypical antipsychotics work on?

A

dopamine D2 receptors

52
Q

what are the main inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the CNS?

A

Exitatory: glutamate

Inhibitory: GABA

53
Q

Scleritis vs episcleritis vs anterior uveitis

A

Scleritis (RA/SLE): painful red eye
Episcleritis: red eye not painful
AU: acute painful may have small irregular pupil worse at night

any painful eye gets same day opthal assessment

54
Q

Neutropenic sepsis

A

usually 7-14 days after chemo
-high temp (>38)
cause: coagulase-negative, Gram-positive bacteria are the most common cause, particularly Staphylococcus epidermidis
ANTIBIOTICS IMMEDIATELY!

55
Q

ARB side effects

A

hypotension, hyperkalemia

56
Q

UMN vs LMN signs

A

UMN: INCREASED tone, rigidity and spasticity
Increased reflexes
Babinski +ve

LMN: DECREASED tone, muscle wasting and fasciculation,
Decreased or absent reflexes
Normal/no movement

57
Q

AAA screening

A

-Less than 3cm: no action
-3-4.4cm: rescan every 12 months
-4.5-5.4cm: rescan every 3 months
->5.5cm: 2ww for surgery

Mixed facts (5 decks)

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