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Psychology Social Influence And -OCD > Psycopathology - OCD > Flashcards

Psycopathology - OCD Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

Compulsion/repetitive behaviour
Avoidance

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2
Q

What are compulsions and repetitive behaviour

A

Behavioural characteristic of OCD
Repetitive actions that can hinder the individuals ability to perform daily tasks
Reduce anxiety created from the depression - they have to do this so something bad doesn’t happen

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3
Q

What is avoidance

A

Behavioural characteristic of OCD
Reduce anxiety by avoiding things that may trigger their OCD

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4
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD

A

High Anxiety/Low Mood
Disgust/Self-Loathing

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5
Q

What is High Anxiety

A

Emotional characteristic of OCD
Obsessions - source of considerable anxiety and distress
Aware that their behaviour is obsessive - could be embarrassed and shameful
Can’t control their behaviour - strong feelings of distress

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6
Q

What is disgust

A

Emotional characteristics
Disgust at the source of the obsessions or directed towards self

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7
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts/Irrational beliefs
Insight into irrationality of thoughts and beliefs/awareness that irrational
Hyper-vigilance/Selective Attention

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8
Q

What are obsessive thoughts and irrational beliefs

A

Persistent and intrusive that are perceived as inappropriate or forbidden - frightening or embarrassing
Commonly - doubts, impulses, images
Catastrophic thinking when people with OCD think something will happen if their compulsion is not carried out

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9
Q

Insight into irrationality of thoughts and behaviour/awareness of irrationality

A

Most understand their compulsive behaviours and obsessive thoughts are inappropriate and irrational but cannot control or stop them

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10
Q

Hyper-vigilance/selective attention

A

Increased awareness of source of obsession in new situations
Quick to find it or notice it

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11
Q

What is the biological approach to ocd

A

Assumes that OCD is caused by genetic and biochemical factors

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12
Q

What does polygenic mean and how does this related to OCD

A

OCD is polygenic. Polygenic means that one single gene is NOT responsible but as many as 230 genes might be responsible

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13
Q

What is aetiological heterogeneity

A

Suggests that difference combinations of genes may cause the disorder in different people

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14
Q

What is the COMT gene

A

this gene regulates production of the neurotransmitter dopamine

One variation results in higher levels of dopamine - common in OCD patients

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15
Q

What is the SERT gene

A

Affects the transportation of serotonin, causing lower levels of serotonin

Low levels of serotonin have been linked to OCD

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16
Q

Two strengths of genetics explanations

A

Nestadt found the condordance rates for OCD between monzygotic twins (68%) was significantly higher than dizygotic twins (32%)

Animal studies have found that there is a genetic basis for repetitive ritualistic behaviour in animals. Ahmari found common gene in mice who display ritualistic behaviour

17
Q

What are concordance rates

A

Perfect of cases in which both members of a pair have a particular attribute

18
Q

Weakness of Genetic explanations

A

Around half of ocd cases tend to follow trauma, undermining genetic explanation of OCD. Also cannot count for cases where there was no ocd in family history

19
Q

How does dopamine affect ocd

A

OCD sufferers have high levels of dopamine
Linked to over hyperactivity in the basal ganglia in the brain- causes repetitive motor functions

20
Q

How does serotonin affect ocd and where does it operate

A

Key role in operating the caudate nucleus in the basal ganglia of the brain
Low levels of serotonin cause caudate nucleus to malfunctions - results in obsessions

21
Q

One strength of Neural explanations

A

Antidepressants increase serotonin levels in ocd - leads to reduction of ocd symptoms
Good evidence to suggest low levels of serotonin could be a cause for OCD

22
Q

One weakness of neural explanations

A

Neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin might not cause ocd, instead low serotonin and high dopamine could be symptoms of OCD

23
Q

Outline aim of drug therapy

A

Drug therapy to correct imbalance of neurochemicals by increasing or decreasing levels of neurotransmitters in order to reduce symptoms

24
Q

Which antidepressant drug affects serotonin

A

Selective serotonin Re-uptake inhibitors
Prozac, fluoxetine

25
Q

How is serotonin transported and broken down

A

Released by presynaptic neurons and travels across synaptic cleft (gap between the neurons)
Chemically conveys signal from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron
Then re-absorbed by presynaptic neuron where it is broken down and reused

26
Q

Neuron that releases serotonin

A

Presynaptic neuron

27
Q

Neuron that reabsorbs serotonin

A

Postsynaptic neuron

28
Q

What do the SSRI’s do

A

Prevent reabosrnrion and breakdown of serotonin and increase the level of serotonin in synapse where it stimulates the postynaptic neuron
This would reduce anxiety

29
Q

How long does it take for SSRIs to make an impact

A

Typically takes 3-4 months of daily use for SSRIs to impact upon symptoms
Dosage may increase if it’s not benefiting the patient

30
Q

Two strengths of Serotonin Re-Uptake Inhibitors

A

Soomro reviewed 17 studies that compared ssri to placebo and all 17 studies shows ssri was more effective than placebos, especially with CBT

70% of patients experience decline in OCD symptoms when taking ssri. Remaining 30% opt for therapies or combination or ssri and therapies

31
Q

One weakness of serotonin reuptake inhibitors

A

Have severe side effects - patients might stop taking medication then

Side effects are indigestion, blurred vision and loss of sex drive

32
Q

What do Benzodiazepines do

A

Slow down the activity of central nervous system by enhancing activity of neurotransmitters GABA
GABA has inhibitory effect on neurons

33
Q

How does GABA inhibit neurons

A

Reacts with special sites called GABA receptors on the outside of neurons
When GABA locks into these receptors it opens channel increases chloride ions flow into neuron
Chloride ions make it harder for the neuron receptors to be stimulated by other neurotransmitters
This slows down activity and makes person relaxes

34
Q

What do chloride ions do to the neuron

A

Chloride ions make it harder for the neuron to be stimulated by other neurotransmitters, slowing down neural activity

35
Q

One strength of Benzodiazepines

A

Can reduce anxiety levels and OCD symptoms in a short period of time
Instant relief - good

36
Q

One weakness of Benzodiazepines

A

Unwanted side effects - drowsiness, depression and unpredictable interactions with alcohol
Ashton found patents become dependent and withdrawal leads to high anxiety and ocd symptoms
Patients need to take larger doses more often because their bodies get used it

Psychology Social Influence And -OCD (6 decks)

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