Psycoactive Flashcards
derivatives of the naturally occurring compound cathinone, the main
psychoactive ingredient in the khat plant Catha edulis.
H
β-keto analog of amphetamine, and all synthetic cathinones display a β-keto
moiety in their structure.
H
bupropion
H
Wellbutrin
H
methylmethcathinone
H
mephedrone
N
Jeff
H
associated with the development of an irreversible Parkinsonian
syndrome due to manganese toxicity.
J
Tenuate
H
efficacious aide for weight loss.
H
Diethylpropion
K
pyrovalerone
J
pyrrolidine-containing cathinone
H
N-tert-butyl analog of cathinone
G
new psychoactive substances” (NPS
H
Designer drugs
K
Legal high
J
Drugs Affect Chemical Communications
H
antagonist drug blocks the receptor and prevents its stimulation.
H
agonist drug competes with the natural messenger for the receptor site. Once there, it
stimulates the receptor.
B
Other drugs decrease the concentration of the messenger by controlling the release of
messengers from their storage.
G
Other drugs increase the concentration of the messenger by inhibiting its removal from the
receptors.
H
Still others act to inhibit or activate specific enzymes inside the cells.
H
There are three principal types of molecules for communications:
J
called ligands, interact with the receptors. Chemical messengers can transform other cells or
tissues by interacting with receptors to induce a physiological response.
Y
signals travel as electric impulses along the axons. When they reach the end of the
neuron, the signals are transmitted to adjacent neurons by specific compounds called
neurotransmitters.
H
compounds that communicate between two nerve cells or between
a nerve cell and another cell (such as a muscle cell).
H
stored at the presynaptic site in vesicles, which are small,
membrane-enclosed packages. Receptors are located on the postsynaptic site of the cell
body or the dendrite.
U
compounds secreted by specific tissues (the endocrine glands), released
into the bloodstream, and then adsorbed onto specific receptor sites, usually relatively far from their
source. T
J
five classes of chemical messengers:
J
belong to all five classes, and hormones can belong to the last three classes.
J
Cholinergic Messengers
G
Calcium as a Signaling Agent (Secondary Messenger)
U
The most universal yet most
versatile signaling agent is the cation
G
Calcium ion signaling controls these functions via two mechanisms:
G
increased concentration
Y
duration of the signals.
G
calmodulin
H
The nerve cells that transmit messages contain stored ….. in the
vesicles in their axons
J
Events begin when a message is transmitted from one neuron to the next by ….
J
The message is initiated by …….
H
The source of calcium ions may be
S
The Removal of Messengers
Cholinergic
D
removed rapidly from the receptor site by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which
hydrolyzes it.
W
Acetate
D
Choline
D
Control of neurotransmission
Cholinergic
D
Acetylcholinesterase is inhibited reversibly by…….
P
succinylcholine
G
decamethonium bromide.
G
Succinylcholine and decamethonium bromide resemble the choline end of acetylcholine and therefore act as
……..of acetylcholinesterase.
F
small doses, these reversible inhibitors relax the muscles temporarily, making them useful as muscle relaxants in
surgery. In large doses, they are deadly.
D
ligand-gated ion channeling.
E
concentration-dependent
agonist/antagonist effect on the receptor.
E
concentration-dependent
agonist/antagonist effect on the receptor.
E
…….., besides being a reversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, also has this concentration-dependent
agonist/antagonist effect on the receptor.
E
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: Messengers
R
distributed throughout the neurons individually or as parts of peptides and proteins.
I
glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and cysteine,
E
glycine, β-alanine, taurine, and mainly γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
O
Amino Acid Neurotransmitters: Receptors
I
least five subclasses of
receptors.
I
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.
U
When …… binds to this receptor, the ion channel opens, Na+ and Ca+2 flow into the
neuron, and K+ flows out of the neuron. The same thing happens when NMDA, being an agonist,
stimulates the receptor.
E
The gate of this channel is closed by a …..
J
antagonist of this receptor, induces hallucination. PCP, known by the
street name “angel dust,” is a controlled substance; it causes bizarre psychotic behavior and long-
term psychological problems.
J
angel dust,”
H
Phencyclidine (PCP)
J
there is no enzyme that would
degrade glutamic acid
M
removed by transporter molecules, which bring
it back through the presynaptic membrane into the neuron. This
process is called reuptake.
U
Glutamic acid
K
includes such monoamines as epinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and
histamine.
K
This protein is the key to the cascade that produces many signals inside the cell (amplification). The active G-protein has an associated nucleotide,
guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
I
analog of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), in which the aromatic base adenine is substituted by guanine. The G-protein becomes inactive when
its associated nucleotide is hydrolyzed to guanosine diphosphate (GDP).
I
Adrenergic Messengers: Signal Transduction
J
starts with the active G-protein, which activates the enzyme adenylate cyclase.
K
also participates in another signal transduction cascade, which involves inositol-based
compounds as signaling molecules.
J
Phosphatidylinositol diphosphate (PIP2)
K
They also play an important role in the release of calcium ions from their storage areas in the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).
J
Adrenergic Messengers: Secondary Messengers
O
Adenylate cyclase produces a secondary messenger inside the cell, cyclic AMP (cAMP). The
manufacture of cAMP activates processes that result in the transmission of the signal. The cAMP is
manufactured by adenylate cyclase from ATP:
L
The activation of adenylate cyclase accomplishes two important goals:
O
converts an event occurring at the outer surface of the target cell (adsorption onto receptor site) to a change inside the
target cell (formation of cAMP). Thus, the primary messenger (neurotransmitter or hormone) does not have to cross the membrane.
K
amplifies the signal. One molecule adsorbed on the receptor triggers the adenylate cyclase to make many cAMP
molecules. In this way, the signal is amplified many thousands of times.
K
The cAMP already produced is destroyed by …..
M
enzyme phosphodiesterase,
K
catalyzes the
hydrolysis of the phosphoric ester bond, yielding AMP.
J
Adrenergic Messengers: Control of Neurotransmission
J
The body inactivates monoamines by oxidizing them to aldehydes.
K
MAO catalyzes the conversion of both epinephrine and norepinephrine to the
corresponding …..
K
Many drugs that are used as antidepressants or antihypertensive agents ar
K
Shortly after adsorption onto the postsynaptic membrane, the neurotransmitter comes off the
receptor site and is reabsorbed through the presynaptic membrane and stored again in the vesicles.
K
Adrenergic Messengers: Histamines
K
The neurotransmitter histamine is present in mammalian brains. It is synthesized from the amino acid
histidine by …
L
Many of the most important hormones affecting metabolism belong to the
M
insulin, glucagon, vasopressin and oxytocin.
M
control pain perception.
J
Neuropeptide Y
M
Neuropeptide Y
M
