Lecture 1

Question 1

herbal cannabis)

Answer 1

K

Question 2

cannabis resin), t

Answer 2

K

Question 3

• In the plants material, resin and “hash oil” the main active ingredient is

Answer 3

G

Question 4

The greatest concentration of glandular trichomes is in the

Answer 4

Y

Question 5

Material prepared from the flowering
tops or leaves is commonly called

Answer 5

N

Question 6

Cannabis plants grown
under controlled..

Answer 6

I

Question 7

manufactured product of cannabis produced by extracting the whole plant material using an
organic solvent (usually alcohol, ether or benzene).

Answer 7

G

Question 8

There is a large number of known cannabinoids that can be divided into

Answer 8

Y

Question 9

The main cannabinoids ar

Answer 9

U

Question 10

cannabinol

Answer 10

Y

Question 11

CBN

Answer 11

G

Question 12

cannabidiol

Answer 12

V

Question 13

CBD

Answer 13

L

Question 14

two isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8
and Δ9-THC)

Answer 14

G

Question 15

tetrahyrdocannininolic acid

Answer 15

Y

Question 16

THCOOH

Answer 16

H

Question 17

is the cannabinoid that has the greatest pharmacological activity

Answer 17

I

Question 18

is this cannabinoid that
needs to be detected to demonstrate that a sample is legally cannabis.

Answer 18

I

Question 19

the precursor of THC

Answer 19

U

Question 20

the decomposition product of THC.

Answer 20

Y

Question 21

converted to THCOOH on smoking.

Answer 21

U

Question 22

Long-term storage of resin and plant extracts cause

Answer 22

U

Question 23

can be used to identify which drug is present within a drug class,

Answer 23

I

Question 24

are also used as confirmatory analysis.

Answer 24

U

Question 25

are deemed sufficient for court purposes.

Answer 25

U

Question 26

weakly acidic compounds because of the

Answer 26

J

Question 27

undergoing ionization in aqueous media forming compounds that will strongly interact with the stationary
phase in HPLC analysis, causing tailing of the peaks when analyzed using liquid chromatographic methods

Answer 27

U

Question 28

Because of this, ionization is suppressed by the presence of acetic acid in the mobile phase.

Answer 28

Y

Question 29

tends to be favored over HPLC.

Answer 29

T

Question 30

suffer
severely from thermal decomposition and, as a result, do not chromatograph well.

Answer 30

T

Question 31

belong to a family of compounds known as narcotic analgesics,

Answer 31

T

Question 32

extracted from the opium poppy and its acetylation affords the semi-synthetic opiate
diacetylmorphine (diamorphine).

Answer 32

G

Question 33

crude mixture of opium alkaloids obtained from the extraction of morphine from opium and the
acetylation reaction.

Answer 33

T

Question 34

was found to have narcotic and addictive properties far
exceeding those of morphine.

Answer 34

H

Question 35

the air-dried milky latex, obtained by cutting unripe pods of the opium poppy Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae).

Answer 35

I

Question 36

used as an analgesic, sleep-inducer (narcotic), and for the treatment of coughs.

Answer 36

L

Question 37

is standardized to contain 10% of anhydrous morphine, usually by dilution with an approved diluent, e.g. lactose or cocoa
husk powder.

Answer 37

U

Question 38

meconic acid (poppy acid

Answer 38

H

Question 39

display acidic properties as well as the basic properties due to the tertiary amine.

Answer 39

P

Question 40

arboxylic acid function, whilst morphine is acidic due to its phenolic hydroxyl. This acidity can be exploited for the preferential

Answer 40

U

Question 41

powerful analgesic and narcotic, and remains one of the most valuable analgesics for relief of severe
pain.

Answer 41

U

Question 42

induces a state of euphoria and mental detachment, together with nausea, vomiting, constipation,
tolerance, and addiction.

Answer 42

P

Question 43

withdrawal symptoms,

Answer 43

H

Question 44

which may last for 10–14 days

Answer 44

Y

Question 45

3-O-methyl ether of morphine and is the most widely used of the opium alkaloids.

Answer 45

K

Question 46

Because of the
relatively small amounts found in opium, almost all of the material prescribed is manufactured by semi-synthesis
from morphine.

Answer 46

U

Question 47

action is dependent on partial demethylation in the liver to produce morphine,

Answer 47

U

Question 48

so it produces morphine-like
analgesic effects, but little if any euphoria.

Answer 48

8

Question 49

As an analgesic, codeine has about one-tenth the potency of morphine.

Answer 49

U

Question 50

It is a
relatively safe non-addictive medium analgesic, but is still too constipating for long-term use.

Answer 50

U

Question 51

antitussive action, helping to relieve and prevent coughing. It effectively depresses the
cough centre, raising the threshold for sensory cough impulses.

Answer 51

I

Question 52

Thebaine

Answer 52

D

Question 53

Papaverine

Answer 53

E

Question 54

Noscapine

Answer 54

E

Question 55

Pholcodine

Answer 55

E

Question 56

Dihydrocodeine

Answer 56

E

Question 57

hydromorphone

Answer 57

E

Question 58

Heroin

Answer 58

E

Question 59

differs structurally from morphine/codeine mainly by its possession of a conjugated diene ring system.

Answer 59

V

Question 60

almost devoid of analgesic activity,
but may be used as a morphine antagonist. Its main value is as substrate for the semi-synthesis of other drugs.

Answer 60

V

Question 61

benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, and is structurally very different from the morphine, codeine, thebaine group of alkaloids (
morphinans). It has little or no analgesic or hypnotic properties, but it relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessels.

Answer 61

F

Question 62

member of the phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids and provides a further structural variant in the opium alkaloids.

Answer 62

V

Question 63

antitussive and cough suppressant activity comparable to that of codeine, but no analgesic or narcotic action.

Answer 63

I

Question 64

Despite many years of use as a cough suppressant, the finding that noscapine may have teratogenic properties (i.e.
may deform a fetus)

Answer 64

V

Question 65

effective and reliable antitussive, can be obtained by alkylation with N-(chloroethyl)morpholine.

Answer 65

C

Question 66

is a reduced form of codeine with similar analgesic properties.

Answer 66

D

Question 67

double bond of morphine has been reduced, and in addition the 6-hydroxyl has been oxidized to a ketone.

Answer 67

,

Question 68

This increases the
analgesic effects, but also the side-effects; the drug is used for severe pain associated with cancer.

Answer 68

B

Question 69

diacetate of morphine; it is a highly addictive analgesic and hypnotic.

Answer 69

K

Question 70

The increased lipophilic character of heroin over morphine results in
improved solubility, with better transport and absorption, though the active agent is probably the 6-acetate, the 3-acetate group being hydrolysed by

Answer 70

M

Question 71

synthesized originally as a cough suppressant; and though most effective in this role, it has unpleasant addictive properties, with users
developing a psychological craving for the drug. It is widely used for terminal care, e.g. cancer sufferers, both as an analgesic and cough suppressant.

Answer 71

L

Question 72

obtained from salutaridine by stereospecific reduction of the carbonyl group. Ring closure
to form the ether linkage in thebaine would be the result of nucleophilic attack of the phenol group onto the dienol
system and subsequent displacement of the hydroxyl.

Answer 72

D

Question 73

treatment of salutaridinol with acid. In vivo, however, an
additional reaction is used to improve the nature of the leaving group, and this is achieved by acetylation with acetyl
-CoA. The cyclization then occurs readily, and without any enzyme participation.

Answer 73

C

Question 74

The conversion of thebaine into codine and morphine, involves a process which modifies the oxidation state of the
diene ring, removing two O-methyl groups.

Answer 74

D

Question 75

The enzymic demethylations of both the enol ether (in thebaine) and the phenol ether (in codeine) involve
hydroxylation followed by loss of the methyl groups as formaldehyde.

Answer 75

D

Question 76

Opioid Analysis

Answer 76

S

Question 77

often used as a simple and rapid screening technique to identify the opiate alkaloids and other
components that may be present in heroin samples prior to examination by other methods.

Answer 77

G

Question 78

Examples of solvent systems are cyclohexane/toluene/diethylamine (75:15:10) and
toluene/acetone/ethanol/ammonia (45:45:7:3)

Answer 78

S

Question 79

generates highly specific mass spectral
data enabling the definitive identification of both known and unknown components within heroin samples.

Answer 79

H

Question 80

Heating the heroin street samples from 250 to 400°C produced substantial diamorphine degradation,
whereas morphine, codeine, acetylcodeine, papaverine and caffeine were heat stable.

Answer 80

H

Question 81

generates highly specific mass spectral
data enabling the definitive identification of both known and unknown components within heroin samples.

Answer 81

S

Question 82

bicyclic structure of the tropane skeleton in cocaine is achieved by a repeat of the Mannich-like
reaction.

Answer 82

E

Question 83

new 1-pyrrolinium cation,

Answer 83

K

Question 84

intramolecular Mannich reaction on the R enantiomer accompanied by decarboxylation
generates tropinone,

Answer 84

U

Question 85

stereospecific reduction of the carbonyl yields tropine with a 3α-hydroxyl, or the
isomeric ψ-tropine, the precursor of the calystegines.

Answer 85

U

Question 86

is the ester of tropine with (S)-tropic acid, which is derived from l-phenylalanine via phenyl-
lactic acid.

Answer 86

C

Question 87

carboxyl carbon from the acetoacetyl side-chain not be lost as it was in the formation of tropine, then
the subsequent intramolecular Mannich reaction will generate a tropane skeleton with an additional carboxyl
substituent.

Answer 87

D

Question 88

diester of ecgonine, the benzoyl moiety arising from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid and
benzoyl-CoA. It found in Erythroxylum coca (coca) and is used medicinally as a local anesthetic, and as an
illicit drug for its euphoric properties.

Answer 88

D

Question 89

The First Total Synthesis of Cocaine

Answer 89

D

Question 90

cycloheptanone

Answer 90

D

Question 91

bromination
followed by an intramolecular
transannular SN2 to form the
tropane skeleton (Chem. Ber.
1901, 34, 129).

Answer 91

D

Question 92

chewing has been practiced by South American Indians for many years and has been an integral
part of the native culture pattern.

Answer 92

J

Question 93

Leaf is mixed with lime, thus liberating the principal alkaloid cocaine as the free base, and the combination
is then chewed. Cocaine acts as a potent antifatigue agent, and allows laborers to ignore hunger, fatigue,
and cold, enhancing physical activity and endurance. It is estimated that 25% of the harvest is consumed in
this way by the local workers, who may each use about 50 g of leaf per day (≡ 350 mg cocaine).

Answer 93

H

Question 94

are extracted from crushed leaf using alkali (lime) and petrol.

Answer 94

D

Question 95

The petrol extract is then re-
extracted with aqueous acid, and this alkaloid fraction is basified and allowed to stand, yielding the free
alkaloid as a paste.

Answer 95

F

Question 96

are often diluted with carrier to give a preparation with 10–12% of cocaine.

Answer 96

F

Question 97

Regular usage induces depression, dependence, and damage to the nasal membranes.

Answer 97

D

Question 98

For inhalation,

Answer 98

D

Question 99

local anesthetic for
topical application. It is rapidly absorbed by
mucous membranes and paralyses peripheral
ends of sensory nerves.

Answer 99

D

Question 100

This is achieved by blocking ion channels in
neural membranes. It was widely used in
dentistry, and is still used in ear, nose and throat
surgery.

Answer 100

C

Question 101

Cocaine Derivatives

Answer 101

S

Question 102

Procaine

Answer 102

Q

Question 103

Benzocaine

Answer 103

S

Question 104

Lidocaine

Answer 104

J

Question 105

lignocaine

Answer 105

V

Question 106

local anesthetics for eye
surgery.

Answer 106

F

Question 107

the most widely used local
anesthetic.

Answer 107

F

Question 108

Amphetamine-type stimulants

Answer 108

L

Question 109

methylamphetamine

Answer 109

9

Question 110

ecstasy

Answer 110

J

Question 111

β-phenethylamine derivatives and totally synthetic drugs and, as such, are very different
in terms of the potential for analysis, as in all cases there are many synthetic by-products carried through
each stage of the synthetic process.

Answer 111

9

Question 112

amphetamine sulfate,

Answer 112

7

Question 113

methylamphetamine hydrochloride or
free base

Answer 113

0

Question 114

methylenedioxymethylamphetamine hydrochloride (ecstasy).

Answer 114

I

Question 115

Analysis of Amphetamine-type stimulants

Answer 115

J

Question 116

are used when quantification of amphetamines is required.

Answer 116

9

Question 117

generally chromatograph well on both systems

Answer 117

J

Question 118

There can be some co-elution of amphetamine,
methylamphetamine, MDA and MDMA occurring.

Answer 118

U

Question 119

contain caffeine, which has a much greater molar absorptivity coefficient
than amphetamine and, as such, will have a much greater peak area than amphetamine, even though the
concentration of both within the sample may be similar. • Amphetamines generally chromatograph well underivatized using GCMS instruments, though many

Answer 119

I

Question 120

trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)

Answer 120

U

Question 121

Phenylalanine-derived Alkaloids

Answer 121

J

Question 122

the main alkaloid in species of Ephedra (Ephedraceae) and a valuable nasal
decongestant and bronchial dilator.

Answer 122

U

Question 123

major constituent of the leaves of khat (Catha edulis; Celastraceae),
chewed in African and Arab countries as a stimulant. Its traditional use alleviates hunger and fatigue
, but also gives a sensation of general well-being. Users become cheerful and talkative, and khat
has become a social drug.

Answer 123

U

Question 124

Norpseudoephedrine

Answer 124

U

Question 125

Prolonged usage can lead to hypertension, insomnia, or even mania.

Answer 125

I

Question 126

may lead to pyschological dependence, but not normally physical dependence.

Answer 126

I

Question 127

Most of the central nervous system stimulant action comes from the more active

Answer 127

J

Question 128

New psychoactive substances

Answer 128

O

Question 129

legal highs, designer drugs or bath salts or spice.

Answer 129

J

Question 130

Synthetic cannabinoids

Answer 130

H

Question 131

compounds that have been prepared to have the same functionality as Δ9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in terms of their interactivity with the cannabinoid receptors in the brain. I

Answer 131

I

Question 132

Many of the synthetic cannabinoids are structurally unrelated to

Answer 132

U

Question 133

however, they do often contain a side
chain containing between four and nine carbon atoms.

Answer 133

H

Question 134

The synthetic cannabinoids can be classified into six major structural groups:

Answer 134

U

Question 135

Naphthoylindolesu

Answer 135

O

Question 136

Naphthylmethylindoles

Answer 136

K

Question 137

Naphthoylpyrroles

Answer 137

Y

Question 138

Naphthylmethylindenes

Answer 138

U

Question 139

Phenylacetylindoles

Answer 139

P

Question 140

Cyclohexylphenols

Answer 140

7

Question 141

The synthetic cathinone most reported to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

Answer 141

Y

Question 142

4-
methylmethcathinone

Answer 142

7

Question 143

mephedrone

Answer 143

8

Question 144

was viewed as a legal alternative to illicit substances, meaning it was also viewed as being
safer.

Answer 144

U

Question 145

The decreasing purity in ecstasy and cocaine also led to an increase in …… consumption,
as it was seen as a cheaper, more potent alternative.

Answer 145

L

Question 146

The synthesis of cathinones is a two-step synthesis process

Answer 146

7

Question 147

α-bromoketone

Answer 147

6

Question 148

hydrochloride or hydrobromide salt:

Answer 148

K

Question 149

Analysis of cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids

Answer 149

I

Question 150

The greatest challenge in the analysis of both cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids is the

Answer 150

J

Question 151

consistently effective at detecting a range of cathinone derivatives.

Answer 151

J

Question 152

Zimmerman test,

Answer 152

H

Question 153

Both the cathinones and cannabinoids are readily resolved using………, but their
identification and quantitative analysis is limited by the …..

Answer 153

M

Question 154

is used to identify the structures of the
target molecules.

Answer 154

I

Question 155

FTIR and Raman are

Answer 155

H

Question 156

used in identifying compounds once standards are available.

Answer 156

H