Psychpath essya plans Flashcards
defining abnormalities
DSM one method
-
Deviation from social norms
•what’s normal? norms not always universally accepted eg social classes
subjective
Szasz 1974
• Temporal validity
• Cultural relativism -
Statistical infrequency
•infrequent trait maybe good egIQ
•frequent trait maybe bad eg depression
•label maybe problem -
FFA
•judging what’s adequate
•cultural relativism
•individual differences -
deviation from Ideal mental health- Jahoda
•holistic n refreshing (pos checklist can motivate to get better n neg checklist may have observer bias n can deteriorate mental health further)
•standards too unrealistic
•cultural relativism
Traits of Phobia
-
Cog:
•irrational thoughts
•resistant to rational thoughts -
behavioural
avoidance
wrong activation of fight/flight -
Emotional
panic n anxiety
Two process model of phobia
classical n operant (operates on pos/neg reinforcement)
• Sue et al 1934 agaraphobia p(s) recall panic attacks suggests CC can explain it’s learnt
• counter w if case we expect more ppl to have phobias if it’s learnt
• Env Reductionist ignores cog factors involved
support from Engels 1993 found agaraphobia p(s) responded better to CBT than behaviour therapies
• counter w led to behaviour therapies which helped many SD n flooding
Treating phobia
- Systematic desensitisation
Developed by Wolpe, counter-conditioning used where experience relaxation n face phobia (reciprocal inhibition). anxiety hierarchy n work thru it
•strength is research support McGrath et al 75% improved w vivo(experience) than vitro(imagine)
capatons et al plane example
• eco benefits cos self administer Al Khubaisy et al 1992 same recovery when w therapist n own
• counter w Ohman et al SD don’t help w phobias from evo aspects cos didn’t stem from trauma so other treatments maybe better for them eg CBT
- Flooding
1 or few sesh, extreme exposure, relaxation n facing phobia reciprocal inhibition to show phobia is harmless
•support is eco benefit cos few sesh n Choy et al both effective but flooding more
•counter w can be traumatising n gotta prep em fully n Wolpe recalls p hospitalised
Traits of Depression
-
Cog
suicidal thoughts
neg beliefs n self concepts
low or concentration or ability to make decisions -
Behaviour
over or under eating
excessive sleep or insomniac
fatigue or restless -
Emotional
sad
hopeless
loss of interest in hobby
Cog approach to depression
Ellis ABC model
depression starts like this
activating event
belief
consequence
Beck’s neg triad
neg thinking n neg use of schemas keeps person depressed
selves
world
future
•cog approach irl application CBT proven to be v useful n have high success rates w depression
• counter w irrational thoughts challenged by Alloy n Abramson 1979
• n also reductionist eg bio approach plausible
treating depression
CBT commonly used
identify, challenge, change thoughts cos belief thoughts behaviours linked
Plan made n goals est to give therapy direction
Ellis developed form of CBT called Rational emotive behavioural therapy n added letters to ABC model so it’s D(disputing- therapists challenges irrational thoughts) n Effect (should be happier or less anxious after moving bad thoughts)
types of disputing
Logical
Empirical
Pragmatic
• research support March et al 2007 compared 327 teens on CBT n drugs n found 81% improvement both n then 86% improvement w drug n cbt
• on that note, shows reductionist cos symptom of dep is no concentration n suffering p may not bother w CBT so can start w drug to get them better n then use CBT long term.
• CBT only focus on present n not past talk about that
n then relate to nomo n idio
Traits of ocd
-
cog
•intrusive/recurring thoughts as obsessions
•unwanted/uncontrollable thoughts -
Behaviour
•compulsions to reduce anxiety
•avoidance of ocd trigger -
emotion
•anxiety n distress from obsessions
•guilt/shame cos know compulsions excessive
Bio approach to ocd
- Genetic explanation
Louis 1936 37% parents
21% siblings
Nestdat 2010 68% mz n 31% dz concordance
•criticise w not 100% concordance so other factors involved eg env
n refer to Cromer 1/2 sample had trauma n Diathesis stress model
Taylor 2013- upto 230 diff genes involved in ocd
•say reduces limitations n not practical to treatment n further research needed
- Neural
talk about brain structure n neurotransmitters eg serotonin n link to ocd
n talk about frontal lobe n caudate nucleus
•support w Piggot et al that p(s) that took SSRI reported less symptoms
• counter w leads to argument of cause n effect comorbidity as ocd p have depression n associated w low serotonin
• n then say reductionist n behaviour approach plausible
eg cc can explain ocd learnt n operant conditioning explain avoiding trigger maintains it
support this w Al bucher et al where 60-90% ocd p sample reported improvement in symptoms w behaviour therapu
treating ocd
treatment is focussed on imbalance of serotonin so drug therapy is used
SSRIs used to increase serotonin cos low serotonin believed cause of ocd
serotonin released into synapse n targets receptor cells n remaining serotonin reabsorbed by nerve which sent msg. SSRI aims to limit this reuptake which increases serotonin lvls n reduces anxiety in ocd p n reduces symptoms
BZs increase GABA which slows down firing of NS which slows activity NS causing body to relax n reduces anxiety n symptoms
•support is Soomro review 17 studies n found SSRIs reduce ocd symptoms better than placebo drug
•counter is extent which bio drug helps cos of side effects
SSRI= insomnia headaches
BZs= memory impairment n aggression
say ethics cause treats one cause another n then public purse cos short term gain w drugs but long term pressure on purse cos gotta treat side effects next
• add bio drugs treats symptoms not acc condition. Instead of taking nomo n assuming bio caused everyone’s ocd, be idio
n consider everyone’s individual case n combine approaches eg CBT or behaviour therapy which increases chances of acc dealing w root cause n curing symptom while relieving symptoms atst. Shows bio approach useful in helping treat some cases but better for long term to have multiple treatments
