Psychotic & Schnizophrenia Spectrum Flashcards
What does Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders include?
Delusional disorder
Brief psychotic disorder
Schizophreniform disorder
Schizophrenia
Schizoaffective disorder
Substance/medication induced psychotic disorder
Psychotic disorder due to another medical condition
Catatonia
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders are a group of conditions characterized by deficits in what 5 domains ?
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized thinking (speech)
Grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including Catatonia)
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
What are delusions?
firmly held beliefs that persist despite contradictory evidence.
What are the 7 kinds of delusions?
- Persecutory (MOST COMMON)- in which the person believes that someone or something is out to get them
- Referential- in which the individual believes that someone in the public domain is targeting them
- Bizarre- involving the belief that something impossible has happened
- Grandiose- in which the person believes they have superior qualities or capabilities
- Erotomanic- refers to the erroneous belief that someone (usually of higher status) is in love with them
- Somatic- false beliefs about one’s own body or physical health
- Nihilistic- false belief that oneself, the world, or the future is meaningless or nonexistent
What are hallucinations?
False perceptions of sensory experiences
Hallucinations can be experienced through all of the senses
What are the various kinds of hallucinations?
Auditory (sound) hallucinations (most common) - hearing voices or noises
Visual (sight) hallucinations- seeing things that are not there
Gustatory (taste) hallucinations- tasting things that are unpleasant or strange
Olfactory (smell) hallucinations- smelling odors that does not exist
Tactile (touch) hallucinations- feeling touch on your body or movement in your body that’s not real
Proprioceptive hallucinations- thinking that your body is moving (flying or floating) when it’s not
Presence hallucinations- feeling that someone is in the room with you or standing behind you
What is disorganized thinking (speech )?
Manifest as incoherence such as word salad, free or loose associations that make a little sense and random responses to direct questions.
What is grossly disorganized or abnormal motor behavior?
Manifest as a shabby or unkept appearance, inappropriate sexual behavior, unpredictable agitation, and decreased motor activity.
What is negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Includes
a restrictive range of emotions,
reduced use of body language,
lack of facial expression, lack of coherent thoughts and avolition (the inability to set goals or lack of motivation)
What is delusional disorder?
The presence of a persistent delusion
What are the 5 different criteria for delusional disorder?
Criteria A: the individual experiences at least one delusion for at least 1 MONTH
Criteria B: the individual does not meet criteria for schizophrenia
Criteria C: functioning is not significantly impaired, and the behavior except that dealing specifically with the delusion is not bizarre
Criteria D: any manic or depressive episode are brief
Criteria E: the symptoms cannot be attributed to another medical condition or a substance.
How is the severity of delusions measured?
It is rated by the quantitative assessment measure clinician rated dimension of psychosis symptom severity
What does the differential diagnoses for delusional disorders include but are not limited to?
OCD
NEUROCOGNITIVE Disorders
Mood disorders
Schizophrenia
Schizophreniform disorder
What is brief psychotic disorder?
Characterized as a delusion that has a sudden onset.
IT LASTS LESS THAN 1 MONTH
What are the 3 criteria’s for Brief psychotic disorder?
Criteria A: at least one of the following symptoms exist; delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or catatonic behavior
Criteria B: the symptoms LAST MORE THAN 1 day BUT LESS THAN 1 MONTH. The individual does eventually return to baseline functioning
Criteria C: this disorder cannot be attributed to another psychotic or depressive disorder
What differential diagnoses for Brief psychotic disorder includes?
Mood disorders
Medical conditions
Malingering & factitious disorders
Other psychotic disorders
What is Schizophreniform disorder?
Psychotic condition that impacts how a person thinks, acts, and perceives reality
Symptoms persist for at least 1 month but less then 6 months
What are the 4 criteria for Schizophreniform disorder?
Criteria A: diagnosis requires at least 2 of the following symptoms; one being a core positive symptom
Positive symptom - hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech
Negative symptom: lack of facial expressions or motivation
Severely disorganized or catatonic behavior
Criteria B: a symptom for a at least 1 month but less than 6 months
Criteria c: depressive, bipolar, and schizoaffective disorder have been ruled out
Criteria D: the symptoms can not be attributed to another medical condition or a substance
How long does the symptoms for schizophrenia must be persist for it to be diagnosed?
For more than 6 months
What are the 6 criteria for schizophrenia?
Criteria A: diagnosis requires at least 2 of the followings; 1 being a core positive symptom
Positive symptoms: hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech
Severely disorganized or catatonic behavior
Lack of motivation ( negative symptom)
Criteria B: the individuals level of functioning is significantly below the level prior to onset.
Criteria C: there are continual signs of schizophrenia FOR MORE THAN 6 months
Criteria D: depressive, bipolar, and schizoaffective disorder have been ruled out.
Criteria E: the symptoms cannot be attributed to another medical condition or a substance
Criteria F: if the individual has had a communication disorder or ASD since childhood then a schizophrenia diagnosis is only made if the individual has hallucinations or delusions
What are the differential diagnoses for schizophrenia?
Bipolar
Depressive disorders W/ psychotic features
Schizoaffective
Effects of prolonged and large scale use of amphetamines or cocaine.
What is the suggested cause of schizophrenia?
There is a genetic component
What are the structural abnormalities in the brain linked to schizophrenia?
Enlarged ventricles
Diminished hippocampus, amygdala,and globus pallidus
What are functional abnormalities in the brain linked to schizophrenia?
Hypofrontality (decreased blood flow to the brain prefrontal cortex)
Diminished activity in the prefrontal cortex
What are other features associated with schizophrenia?
Inappropriate affect- inability to express emotions appropriately or in a way that matches the situation
Loss of pleasure (“Anhedonia”)
Dysphoric mood (state of low mood)
Abnormalities in motor behavior
Somatic complaints
What kind of substance dependence people with schizophrenia especially develop?
Nicotine
What are the onset of schizophrenia in males and females?
Males; ages 18-25
Females: ages 25-35
Males are slightly more likely to develop schizophrenia
What following factors tend to improve the chance of recovery for schizophrenia?
Good premorbid adjustment ( a persons level of social, academic, and occupational functioning being considered healthy before the onset of the disorder)
1.Acute and late onset
2.Female gender
3.Presence of a precipitating events
4.Brief duration of active phase symptoms
5.Insight into the illness
6.Family history of mood disorder
7.No family history of schizophrenia
What are the treatments for schizophrenia?
Begins with the administration of antipsychotic medication, which is effective in diminishing the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Medication is more effective when it is taken in combination with psychosocial intervention
Family therapy, social skills training,and employment support
What is schizoaffective disorder?
Combination of Psychotic symptoms and mood symptoms (depression or bipolar)
Delusions and hallucinations are presents for TWO or MORE Consecutive weeks without mood symptoms
