Neurodevelopmental Disorders Flashcards
What are NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
Group of conditions affecting the brain that occurs during childhood development, resulting in functional impairments in the school, home,work, and community settings.
Includes:
Intellectual development disorder (IDD)
Communication disorders
Autism-spectrum disorder
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Specific learning disorder
Motor disorder
Other Neurodevelopmental disorders
What are the medications for Tourette disorders?
Antipsychotics such as:
Haloperidol (Haldol)
Pimozide (Orap)
Clonidine and Desipramine (antidepressant) are used to treat the hyper activity and inattention
What are the 3 subtypes of ADHD.
Predominantly inattentive type
Predominantly hyperactive type
Combined type
Social communication disorder
Involves problem with social use of language and communication
Children with this disorder may exhibit:
1. Deficts in social context such as matching communication to persons or situations
2. Problems understanding the meaning behind word (comprehension of metaphors & sarcasm)
3. Social rules and conversations are difficult resulting in problems with taking turn and listening without interruptions
What kinds of therapy can help with motor disorders?
It varies.
Physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and behavior therapy helps with:
developmental coordination disorder and stereotypic movement disorder
Habit reversal therapy helps with
What kinds of medications are approved for ADHD by pharmacologic therapies?
Central nervous system Stimulants:
Methylphenidate (meh-thul-feh-nun-date) A.K.A Ritalin
Amphetamine (am-feh-tuh- meeN) A.K.A Dexedrine
Non-stimulants includes antidepressants such as
Atomoxetine (a-tuh-maak-suh-teen)
Bupropion
What are the various kinds of tic disorders?
Includes:
Tourette
Motor and vocal tics
Provisional tics
What are tics?
Sudden, rapid ,recurrent and non-rhythmic motor movement or vocalization.
What is Tourette disorder?
It is characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics.
REMAINS CONSISTENT FOR 1 YEAR
How long does the symptoms for provisional tic occurs?
Symptoms are present less than one year.
When can attention deficient hyperactivity disorder Be diagnosed in a child?
A child can be diagnosed with ADHD if they display at least six symptoms of inattention or hyperactivity impulsivity in MORE than one setting.
What is attention deficient hyperactivity disorder?
ADHD is a developmental disorder characterized by an ongoing pattern of an attention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. These behaviors are frequent and occurs across multiple settings.
What is developmental coordination disorder?
When an individuals movements are impaired while engaging in specific motor tasks
Children may exhibit;
Clumsy behaviors, including running into things or dropping objects
Slow or inaccurate performance of motor skills, such as difficulty using scissors throwing a ball grasping forks and knives and walking up and down the stairs.
What are some helpful techniques for stuttering?
Controlled breathing exercise
Positive encouragement
Stress management
Families, avoiding criticism or correction, such as slowing down or taking your time
Caregivers can provide a calm home environment, such as allowing the child to complete their thoughts and sentences and speaking to the child purposefully and slowly
Children receiving early intervention
What is childhood onset fluency disorder? And what are the ages of children with this disorder?
Also known as stuttering.
It occurs when interruptions to a person speech manifest in repeated sounds, syllables and broken words.
Children with this disorder are identified between the ages of two and seven.
What can worsen someone stuttering?
Stressful situations due to an anticipatory fear or performance anxiety.
What is speech sound disorder?
It is characterized by difficulties with pronunciation and articulation.
When can speech sound disorder be diagnosed?
A speech language pathologist can determine if a child has difficulties making certain sounds or if a child is misarticulating sibilants
When does intervention treatment must be warranted for speech sound disorder?
If significant difficulties are present early on or if difficulties PERSIST PAST AGE 8
What is language disorder?
Involves problems with receiving and expressing language, such as difficulties with syntax, grammar, sentence structure, and vocabulary
Symptoms include :
The developmental delays in a child first words or phrases
Reduced vocabulary
Issues with comprehension
How can language disorder be diagnosed?
There must be deficits in an individuals social,academic or occupational functioning.
What must be considered for a child to be clinically diagnosed with learning disorder?
Information from a comprehensive clinical assessment, rating scales, and educational history must be considered.
What are the nine impulsivity/hyperactivity symptoms associated with ADHD?
Frequently gets out of chair
Run/climbs at inappropriate times
Frequently talks more than peers
Often move hands/feet or shift position in seat
Frequently interrupts others
Frequently have difficulties waiting on turn
Frequently unable to enjoy activities silently
Frequently on the go and seen by others as restless
Often finishes other sentences before they can
Must have six of the symptoms for a diagnosis.
What are the treatment options for learning disorders?
So once a child has completed psychological, testing and evaluation, children can obtain targeted assistance, such as:
Response to intervention -which develops specific plan to assist the child in school
Children who do not progress with RTI may be issued IEP or a 504 accommodation plan
When can a Neurodevelopmental disorder be determined?
After evaluating a child’s cognitive, social, motor, behavioral, adaptive, and language skills.
A full neuropsychological assessment using standardized instruments is required .
Neurodevelopmental disorders diagnosis occurs in the presence of functional impairment and diagnostic symptomatology
What is specific learning disorder?
Is diagnosed as learning and academic difficulties.
Evidence by at least one of the following for AT LEAST 6 MONTHS AFTER interventions have been tried -persistent difficulties.
Such as :
incorrect spelling, problem with math, reasoning, math, calculation, and number sense
Difficulty reading
Problems understanding what is read
Difficulties using grammar and syntax
What are the proposed causes of learning disorders?
- Incomplete dominance/other hemispheric abnormalities
- Cerebellar vestibular dysfunction
- Exposure to toxins such as lead.
What is intellectual developmental disorder?
Characterized by deficits in MENTAL ABILITIES AND ADAPTIVE FUNCTIONING
Impairments in:
Judgment
Learning
Reasoning
Problem-solving
Planning
Abstract thinking
How is IDD diagnosed?
Supported by psychometrically sound intelligence testing yielding IQ
There must be deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that begin in childhood.
AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER (ASD)
- Deficits in social interaction and social communication
Such as absence of developmentally appropriate peer relationship, lack of social/emotional reciprocity, impairment in nonverbal behavior - Restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
What age range does children begin to show signs of ASD?
Between 12-24 months, severe symptoms show in the child’s first year of life.
What are the two additional diagnosis in the category of IDD?
Global Developmental Delay
- younger than age 5, who show signs of IDD
Unspecified intellectual disability-
What are motor disorders?
Malfunctions of the nervous system that causes involuntary, often excessive movements or purposeless behaviors.
Disorders can include :
Developmental coordination disorder
Stereotypic movement disorder
Tic disorders
Tourette disorder
What does significant evidence suggest about ADHD?
It is a genetic disorder and occurs at a slightly higher rate among biological relatives, then among general population:
What structural abnormalities in the brain is associated with ADHD?
Subnormal activity in the frontal cortex
Basal ganglia
Relatively small caudate nucleus. globus pallidus, and prefrontal cortex
What are the nine inattentiveness symptoms of ADHD?
Forgetful in every day activities
Easily distracted often
Makes careless mistakes and does not give attention to detail
Difficulty focusing attention
Does not appear to listen, even when directly spoken to
Start tasks but does not follow through
Losing essential things frequently
Find organizing difficult
Avoid activities that require prolong mental effort
roughly 5 to 15% of children receive the diagnosis of specific learning disorder in what categories?
Impairment and reading, math and writing.
What is stereotypic movement disorder?
Repetitive and purposeless movements
Motor movement includes :
Rocking, headbanging, handshaking, waving, or hitting oneself.
When diagnosing stereotypic movement disorder, what must it include?
A special specifier, indicating whether or not the behavior will cause self harm without prevention or intervention.
What is the treatment for ADHD?
Combination of behavioral therapy and medication
Pharmacotherapy works best when combined with a psychosocial intervention. Treatment is most effective with parental involvement.
Many teachers use basic element of classroom management, providing clear guidelines and contingencies for behavior.
What is the prognosis and treatment for ASD?
The prognosis of individuals with ASD largely depends on IQ, Language development, and level of severity.
Level 1 ASD- early intervention focusing on emotional growth and interpersonal communication
Level 2/3 ASD- responds well to behavioral analysis therapy
What is a diagnosis?
Refers to process of identifying problems with their underlying causes and practical solutions
