Psychotherapy Flashcards

Question

Magnification

Answer 1

A tendency to exaggerate the importance of negative information or experiences, while trivialising or reducing the significance of positive information or experiences

Answer 2

An undervaluation of positive attributes

Answer 3

Believing what we feel must be true

Answer 4

Expecting others to change just because it suits us

Answer 5

Exaggerating and labelling behaviour (e.g. when you fail at something, saying 'Im a loser')

Answer 6

When the need to be right dominates all other needs

Answer 7

Expecting our sacrifices will pay off

Answer 8

Incorrectly believing that our actions influences the outcomes

Answer 9

He believed that groups had a collective unconscious that operated in a similar way to that of an individual

Answer 10

He made the distinction between two types of group. The first was the working group, which was one that was working well and getting the job done. The second was the basic assumption group which was acting out primitive fantasies and preventing things from getting done.

Answer 11

Dependency. Here the group turns towards a leader to protect them from anxiety. An example of this is when a group of strangers get together for the first time, there can be an awkward silence before someone finally takes initiative and plays the role of leader. Fight-flight. Here the group acts as if there is an enemy who must be attacked or avoided. The enemy can be either within the group or external. The group may at times pursue and defeat the perceived enemy but will soon create another one. An example of this would be the way doctors in different specialities become so damming of one another. Pairing. Here the group acts as if the answer lies in the pairing of two of the members. This may be in the form of a friendly pairing or an extremely hostile one.

Answer 12

Transference focused psychotherapy

Answer 13

BPO is a concept that includes borderline personality disorder but also other less severe personality disorders. BPO is characterised by 1. Identity diffusion (failure to integrate aspects of self) 2. Primitive defences (splitting, and projective identification) 3. Characteristic object relations 4. Variable reality testing The aim of therapy is to resolve issues in these four areas by means of interpretation of the transference

Answer 14

Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) is a blend of psychodynamic and cognitive ideas. A reparatory grid was used to identify the key aspects of psychodynamic psychotherapy that made it useful. CAT is therefore an attempt to pick out the useful parts of psychotherapy and make it more efficient. It is also an attempt to create a form of therapy that would lend itself to research.

Answer 15

It is a brief focused therapy normally lasting between 16-24 sessions.

Answer 16

Anthony Rhyle

Answer 17

Negative assumptions generate acts and then confirm assumptions. A trap is a flawed thinking pattern / coping strategy that serves to aggravate rather than help an underlying problem. Traps are things we cannot escape from. Certain kinds of thinking and acting result in a vicious circle when, however hard we try, things seem to get worse instead of better. Trying to deal with feeling bad about ourselves, we think and act in ways that tend to confirm our badness. For example, a person has low self esteem, to cope with this they try to please everyone around them, they are then taken advantage of and end up feeling pathetic and worse.

Answer 18

Dilemmas. Options for action are conceived in the form of polarised choices. In a dilemma, a person incorrectly considers that there choice is restricted to opposite actions, neither of which is satisfactory. For example, a young girl is ridiculed by her parents when she talks about her problems. She grows up to believe that when she has problems she has only two options, either bottle feelings up be ridiculed.

Answer 19

Snags. Appropriate goals are abandoned if unacceptable to self or others. Snags are thinking patterns that restrict our actions due to a perception that we will be unsuccessful or will harm someone. For example, as a child a man was raised by a mother who had regular bouts of depression. He felt unable to take problems to her for fear of being a burden. This view and approach to difficulties persisted into adulthood as he was unable to find emotional support through his marriage.

Answer 20

CAT identifies maladaptive, cognitive, emotional, and behavioural patterns which are referred to as procedures. CAT takes a procedural sequence model. First the problem or issue is appraised. The options available to the client are then discussed and a plan of action is created. The plan is put into place. The consequences are then evaluated. The summary of the problem along with the plan is often put into a letter written by the therapist to the client.

Answer 21

CAT These are patterns observed about the way we relate to others. Imagine a client who has been brought up by a stern, dominating father whom he chose to rebel against, an example of an RRP could be the way the same client is dismissive of therapy because he sees the therapist as a demanding authority figure. Once the RRPs have been defined they are visually presented using a sequential diagrammatic reformulation.

Answer 22

Diagrammatic representation of an RRP in CAT

Answer 23

Aaron Beck

Answer 24

seeks to help the client overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking Negative automatic thoughts (cognitive distortions)

Answer 25

CBT - treatment is present focused and based on collaboration between client and therapist and on testing beliefs (collaborative empiricism).

Answer 26

The main assumption is that the family's structure is wrong. It is one where there are clear boundaries and no coalition Dysfunctional families are thought to be marked by impaired boundaries, inappropriate alignments, and power imbalances

Answer 27

subsystems, hierarchy, boundaries, alliances and coalitions

Answer 28

developed by Salvador Minuchin

Answer 29

Strategic therapy claims that difficulties in families arise due to distorted hierarchies. Dysfunctional families are believed to communicate in problematic repetitive patterns (vicious cycles) that kept them dysfunctional. These patterns arise as intended solutions by the family to some symptom. The intended solutions then became the problem because the family had either over or under responded to the symptom through their interactions

Answer 30

task setting, and goal setting

Answer 31

Jay Haley and Cloe Madanes

Answer 32

Milan Model

Answer 33

Milan-Systemic therapists see the family as a self-regulating system which controls itself according to rules formed over a period of time through a process of trial and error. They are interested in the rule-maintaining characteristics of communication and behaviours, and assume that the way to eliminate a symptom is to change the rules. An interview consists almost entirely of questioning of the family by the therapist. Questioning is a recursive and circular process, with each question building upon the family's response to previous questions. Emphasis is placed on exploring differences between family member's behaviours, emotional responses and their beliefs at differing points in time.

Answer 34

hypothesising, neutrality, positive connotation, paradox and counter-paradox, interventive questioning and the use of reflecting teams

Answer 35

Mara Selvini-Palazolli

Answer 36

Transgenerational family therapy aims to understand how families, across generations, develop patterns of behaving and responding to stress in ways that prevents health development and lead to problems.

Answer 37

Seven interlocking concepts make up the theory scale of differentiation nuclear family emotional system family projection processes multi-generational transmission processes sibling position profiles emotional cut-off triangles

Answer 38

emphasises solutions over problems. In fact, it sees the problem as being maintained by a focus on the problem to the exclusion of the solution behaviour which is already happening.

Answer 39

The central philosophy of the model could be stated as: 1. If it ain't broke, don't fix it. 2. Once you know what works, do more of it. 3. If it doesn't work, don't do it again, do something different.

Answer 40

The therapist collaborates with the family through in-depth questioning to focus on the solutions already being used by the clients. This is underpinned by a belief that people have the capacity to develop their own solutions, even if they are not using it. Blame, shame and conflict are seen as issues which impede people from realising these solutions. The therapist is non-interventionist. Silences are tolerated when they arise in order to see what happens next. The presumption here is that the more the therapist intervenes, the more he or she will impose their own understanding and interpretation onto the family. The focus is on the present and the future. How a problem has arisen is not important. The emphasis the family places on the problem is accepted by the therapist as he or she is not interested in changing the family's definition

Answer 41

Projection and splitting

Answer 42

Repression and displacement

Answer 43

Isolation, undoing, and reaction formation

Answer 44

Projection and splitting

Answer 45

Displacement

Answer 46

Freud proposed the existence of three separate areas:- Id The Id is the area that contains the instinctive drives. It operates under primary process thinking, acts according to the pleasure principle, and is without a sense of time. Ego The ego attempts to modify the drives from the Id with external reality. It operates on the reality principle. It has aspects that are conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. It is home to the defenses mechanisms. Super ego The super ego constantly observes a person and acts as critical agency. Freud claimed it developed from internalised values of a child's main carers. The ego ideal is part of the super ego and represents ideal attitudes and behaviour. It is useful to think of the super ego as the conscience.

Answer 47

IPT is a time-limited, structured form of psychotherapy. It is based heavily on the belief that interpersonal factors impact heavily on psychological problems. It is used for many conditions but most notably for depression.

Answer 48

IPT aims to intervene at the level of social functioning, it does not focus on personality. Patients social functioning problems are thought arise from one of four areas Grief Role transitions Interpersonal deficits Interpersonal disputes

Answer 49

normally runs from 10-16 one hour sessions

Answer 50

IPT moves though 3 defined phases. Phase 1 - Identification of the problem, sessions 1-3 Phase 2 - Working on the target problem area Phase 3 - Termination Sessions 1-2 involve data collection and formulation. An interpersonal inventory is taken which is a register of all the key relationships in the patient's life. The problem is then organised into one of the four categories above. The remaining sessions explore the formulation in more detail.

Answer 51

An interpersonal inventory is taken which is a register of all the key relationships in the patient's life.

Answer 52

Harry Stack Sullivan - theory | Klerman and Weissman - therapy

Answer 53

IPT has been found to be less effective than CBT in treating people with depression and comorbid personality disorders

Answer 54

equal efficacy

Answer 55

Imipramine = IPT > CBT

Answer 56

Bion. He used the term to describe the process of emotional containment which can be illustrated by the relationship between a mother and an infant. Infants project unbearable feelings into their mothers who receive and accommodate them for a time, making them tolerable and acceptable again to the child. Containment is important in many therapeutic relationships. Containment is thought to occur when one person receives and understands the emotional communication of another without being overwhelmed by it, processes it and then communicates understanding and recognition back to the other person. This process can restore the capacity to think in the other person.

Answer 57

They function as substitute parents for children with separation anxiety

Answer 58

Good enough mother. Winnicott introduced this term to emphasise the importance of being good enough rather than perfect. He believed children needed someone who would attend to them but not immediately so that they can learn to tolerate frustration. Holding environment. By this Winnicott was referring to a psychic and physical space between the mother and infant that ensured the mother was there for the child when needed but allowed them to explore independently when ready. Transitional object. Winnicott talked about the two separate realities for a child, the 'me' and the 'not me'. The transitional object is one that represents another (e.g. Mother) and is regarded as the first 'not me' possession.

Answer 59

Establishment of a therapeutic alliance taking into account psychological and practical barriers to engagement Holding and containing (for the client and the multidisciplinary team) Promoting awareness of transference issues (with the client and the team) Promoting stability, by improving adjustment and coping as well as reducing relapses and the inappropriate use of services Facilitating the maturation of defenses and promoting a better adaptation to reality

Answer 60

Repetition compulsion is common in psychiatry - the urge to do the same thing over and over, especially in terms of relationship patterns. Examples might include always ending up with an abusive partner and repeatedly forming relationships with people who let you down

Answer 61

Thought to be the true meaning of a dream, hidden behind the dreams symbolism.

Answer 62

The manifest content of a dream refers to what is directly experienced. It is thought that beneath this there is a different meaning (the latent content) that is hidden to protect conscious mind.

Answer 63

Believed that the main driving force in personality is a striving for superiority.

Answer 64

Introduced the concept of the persona (mask) which is the part of the ego presented to other people. The other (more hidden) part of the self is the 'shadow'. Differentiated between the personal unconscious (which contains an individual's personal memories) and collective unconscious (a set of memories and ideas that is shared amongst all of humanity). Talked of archetypes (symbolic images in the collective unconscious). Important archetypes are anima (female principle), animus (male principle), the shadow, and the self.

Answer 65

Known for his stages of psychosocial development

Answer 66

John Bowlby

Answer 67

Anna Freud

Answer 68

Theories on child development Three main phases, autistic phase, symbiotic phase, and separation-individuation phase.

Answer 69

Brief psychodynamic psychotherapy is a time limited treatment (often 10-12 sessions) based on psychodynamic therapy. There are several different subtypes.

Answer 70

It is particularly useful when there is one specific focus or problem for the patient.

Answer 71

Others factors that are considered important for the success of this therapy are a highly motivated patient and a patient who is able to think in feeling terms. Good ego strength

Answer 72

Flooding is a technique used in the treatment of phobias. it encourages people to directly confront the phobia and remain until the anxiety is gone (a process called habituation) Associated with high levels of anxiety and patients sometimes leave the situation before the fear response has been extinguished

Answer 73

Perls - founded Gestalt therapy Moreno - founded psychodrama Sullivan - interpersonal theory (1953) Klerman and Weissman - interpersonal therapy (1970s) Milton Erikson - revolutionised hypnotherapy Maxwell Jones - developed the concept of the therapeutic community Thomas Main - coined the term therapeutic community Anthony Ryle - developed cognitive analytic therapy Marsha Linehan - developed dialectical behaviour therapy Albert Ellis - developed rational emotive therapy Carl Jung - devised analytical psychology Carl Rogers - client-centred therapy Joseph Wolpe - systematic desensitization Skinner - operant conditioning Pavlov - classical conditioning Abraham Maslow - hierarchy of needs Yalom - therapeutic factors of group psychotherapy Rappaport - community therapy Miller - motivational interviewing Beck - cognitive therapy Tuke - moral therapy Martell - behavioural activation Fonagy and Bateman - mentalisation-based treatment

Answer 74

Freud introduced his topographical model of the mind in his book the interpretation of dream. Mind divided into: The conscious system This refers to the part of the mind that is aware. The preconscious system This is the information that is known and can potentially be brought into consciousness. The unconscious system Freud believed that this area of the mind was outside conscious awareness. It operates on the primary process thinking, which means it is aimed at wish fulfilment. It is governed by the pleasure principle. It has no concept of time, and denies the existence of negatives, and is irrational as it allow the existence of contradictions.

Answer 75

Tom Maine and Maxwell Jones

Answer 76

In these communities patients are normally residential along with staff. They essentially form a kind of group therapy whereby they have daily meetings in which community issues that arise are discussed. This gives the staff/therapists an opportunity to guide group therapy. Feedback on patients behaviour by other patients is considered essential.

Answer 77

Therapeutic communities are associated with four main values Democratisation. Every member of the community (including staff) should be considered equal. Permissiveness. All members should be tolerant of others behaviour. Communalism. Members should be intimate and socialise (i.e. Share facilities and not simply spend all day in their rooms) Reality-confrontation. Members should be continuously given feedback on their comments and behaviours to avoid them distorting reality.

Answer 78

This type of therapy is suitable for most patients and is often the only therapy that can help when others have failed. E.g. Patients with complex and treatment-resistant psychosis

Answer 79

Oedipus complex

Answer 80

Electra complex

Answer 81

Cognitive analytical therapy.

Answer 82

Aid conflict resolution

Answer 83

Reformulation, Recognition, Revision

Answer 84

Tranference focused therapy

Answer 85

Freud believed that aggression arose as a result of a primary instinct called thanatos (aka the death instinct). He suggested that each person had this drive which aimed to cause total destruction and death. He also suggested that there was an opposing instinct called eros (the life instinct). He described catharsis, which is a process of discharging libidinal energy and making us feel calm. Catharsis occurs when we watch an aggressive act or are involved in a mildly aggressive act.

Answer 86

Behavioural activation is a formal therapy for depression which focuses on activity scheduling to encourage patients to approach activities that they are avoiding and on analysing the function of cognitive processes (e.g. rumination) that serve as a form of avoidance

Answer 87

It is much more simple than CBT and involves much less cognitive therapy. An advantage therefore over traditional cognitive therapy for depression is that it is easier to train staff in its use.

Answer 88

Behavioural activation theory holds that when people become depressed, many of their activities function as avoidance and escape from aversive thoughts, feelings or external situations. Depression therefore occurs when a person develops a narrow repertoire of passive behaviour and efficiently avoids aversive stimuli. As a consequence, someone with depression engages less frequently in pleasant or satisfying activities and obtains less positive reinforcement than someone without depression. To address this the patient is encouraged to identify activities and problems that they avoid and to establish valued directions to be followed. These are set out on planned timetables (activity schedules) In behavioural activation, therapists tend not to become engaged in the content of the patients thinking. Instead they use functional analysis to focus on the context and process of the individuals response. The most common cognitive responses are rumination, fusion and self-attack.

Answer 89

Like standard CBT, a typical behavioural activation session has a structured agenda to review the homework and the progress towards the goals, to discuss feedback on the previous session and to focus on one or two specific issues. The number of sessions to treat depression would be between 12 and 24.

Answer 90

Winnicott - Good enough mother, transitional object Carl Jung - Collective unconscious, archetype, anima, animus Melanie Klein - Paranoid-schizoid position, depressive position, splitting Sigmund Freud - Free association, transference, ego, super-ego, id, eros, thanatos, defense mechanisms, oedipus Complex, the unconscious Wilfred Bion - Basic assumption group Karen Horney - Womb envy Erving Goffman - Total institution Siegfried Foulkes - Foundation matrix Barton - Institutional Neurosis

Answer 91

It is form of CBT for patients with borderline personality disorder. It developed from the failed attempts to treat chronically suicidal patients with CBT. DBT assumes that people with BPD lack important interpersonal and emotional regulation skills, and that the skills they do have are inhibited by personal and environmental factors. DBT combines behavioural therapy with aspects of Zen Buddhism (mindfulness and acceptance), along with dialectical thinking (to replace rigid dichotomous thinking).

Answer 92

DBT is generally considered to have five functions Enhancing behavioural capabilities Improving motivation to change Assuring new capabilities generalise to the natural environment Structuring the environment so that appropriate behaviours are reinforced Enhancing motivation of the therapist (DBT has a specific focus on the therapists own motivation to continue the work and achieves this by regular debriefing sessions with the extended clinical team)

Answer 93

The treatment targets in order of priority are: Life-threatening behaviours: e.g. suicide communications, suicidal ideation, and all forms of suicidal and non-suicidal self-injury. Therapy-interfering behaviours: any behaviour that interferes with the client receiving effective treatment. These behaviours can be on the part of the client and/or the therapist, such as coming late to sessions, cancelling appointments, and being non-collaborative in working towards treatment goals. Quality of life behaviours: includes any other type of behaviour that interferes with clients having a reasonable quality of life, such as disorders, relationship problems, and financial or housing crises. Skills acquisition: refers to the need for clients to learn new skilful behaviours to replace ineffective behaviours and help them achieve their goals.

Answer 94

Mindfulness Distress Tolerance Interpersonal Effectiveness Emotion Regulation

Answer 95

The paranoid-schizoid position represents a state of fragmentation where the mind divides the world into good and bad. It is charcterised by the defence mechanism known as 'splitting'.

Answer 96

The depressive position follows the paranoid-schizoid position and is characterised by the ability to accept something can be both good and bad (ambivalence

Answer 97

Condensation refers to the way in which in a dream several concepts can be combined into just one symbol.

Answer 98

Symbolism refers to the use of symbols to disguise similar sounding or looking concepts or objects.

Answer 99

Marsha Linehan

Answer 100

Sigmund Freud

Answer 101

Multisystemic therapy (MST) is an intensive family and community based time-limited intervention for antisocial behaviour in young people.

Answer 102

MST typically consists of 3 to 4 meetings per week over a 3 to 5 month period. It is very intensive and a single therapist usually works with only 4 to 6 families at a time.

Answer 103

The MST Theory of Change is based on Bronfenbrenners model and sees the young person embedded in multiple systems, mainly the family, the peer group, the school and the community.

Answer 104

Therapeutic alliance

Answer 105

Therapies of fewer than eight sessions are unlikely to be optimally effective for most moderate to severe mental health problems Often 16 sessions or more are required for symptomatic relief, and longer therapies may be required to achieve lasting change in social and personality functioning

Answer 106

No, and they should not determine access to therapies

Answer 107

Interest in self-exploration and capacity to tolerate frustration in relationships may be particularly important for success in interpretative (psychoanalytic and psychodynamic) therapies, compared with supportive therapy

Answer 108

Parapraxis is another term for a Freudian slip

Answer 109

Collaborative empiricism Problem-orientated focus Short-term treatment for uncomplicated disorders Structured methods Psychoeducation Homework

Answer 110

Socratic questioning Guided discovery Examining the evidence Identifying cognitive errors Thought change records Generating rational alternatives Imagery Role play Rehearsal

Answer 111

Activity and pleasant event scheduling Graded task assignments Exposure and response prevention Relaxation training Breathing training Coping cards Rehearsal

Answer 112

Severe dementia

Answer 113

Melanie Klein

Answer 114

Object relations theory is a variation of psychoanalytic theory, which places less emphasis on biological based drives (such as the id) and more importance on consistent patterns of interpersonal relationships. For example, stressing the intimacy and nurturing of the mother.

Answer 115

Melanie Klein

Answer 116

Broad focus short term dynamic therapy

Answer 117

Perfectionist patients mainly benefit from long term therapy

Answer 118

0 - 1½ | hope

Answer 119

1½ - 3 | will

Answer 120

3 - 5 | purpose

Answer 121

5 - 12 | competency

Answer 122

12 - 18 | fidelity

Answer 123

18 - 40 | Love

Answer 124

40-65 | Care

Answer 125

65 | Wisdom

Answer 126

CBT, IPT, family therapy, psychodymanic psychtoehrpay

Answer 127

Mentalisation based therapy, DBT, CBT, therapeutic community, CAT

Answer 128

internalising patients benefit more from psychodynamic therpay externalising patients - CBT

Answer 129

12 step, CBT, family therapy

Answer 130

CBT, family therapy

Answer 131

CBT, CAT, IPT, psychodynamic

Answer 132

The findings provide convincing evidence of the efficacy of psychotherapy. On the average, the typical therapy client is better off than 75% of untreated individuals.

Answer 133

relaxation training, construction of hierarchy, desensitisation

Answer 134

Reinforcing gradual approximations of a behaviour

Answer 135

Safety behaviours

Answer 136

Suicidal ideation

Answer 137

Thematic Apperception test | Draw-a-person test, sentence completion tests Rorschach's ink blots.

Answer 138

guided mourning

Answer 139

Researchers put the child and her mother alone in an experimental room. The room has toys or other interesting things in it, and the mother lets the child explore the room on her own. After the child has had time to explore, a stranger enters the room and talks with the mother. Then the stranger shifts attention to the child. As the stranger approaches the child, the mother sneaks away. After several minutes, the mother returns. She comforts her child and then leaves again. The stranger leaves as well. A few minutes later, the stranger returns and interacts with the child. Finally, the mother returns and greets her child.

Answer 140

Free exploration, and happiness upon the mother's return The securely-attached child explores the room freely when his mother is present. He may be distressed when his mother leaves, and he explores less when she is absent. But he is happy when she returns. If he cries, he approaches his mother and holds her tightly. He is comforted by being held, and, once comforted, he is soon ready to resume his independent exploration of the world. His mother is responsive to his needs. As a result, he knows he can depend on her when he is under stress

Answer 141

Little exploration, and little emotional response to the mother The avoidant-insecure child doesn't explore much, and she doesn't show much emotion when her mother leaves. She shows no preference for her mother over a complete stranger. When her mother returns, she tends to avoid or ignore her

Answer 142

Little exploration, great separation anxiety, and an ambivalent response to the mother upon her return Like the avoidant child, the resistant-insecure child doesnt explore much on his own. But unlike the avoidant child, the resistant child is wary of strangers and is very distressed when his mother leaves. When the mother returns, the resistant child is ambivalent. Although he wants to re-establish close proximity to his mother, he is also resentful—even angry—at his mother for leaving him in the first place. As a result, the resistant child may reject his mother's attempts at contact

Answer 143

Little exploration, and a confused response to the mother. The disorganized child may exhibit a mix of avoidant and resistant behaviors. But the main theme is one of confusion and anxiety Disorganized-insecure children are at risk for a variety of behavioral and developmental problems

Answer 144

This refers to children that have an abnormal pattern of relationships with caregivers that begin before age 5. Children tend to be inhibited, and show ambivalence towards caregivers. They are also hyper vigilant and are unresponsive to comforting. *avoidant insecure children

Answer 145

At age 2 it manifests by clinging and non-selective focussed attachment behaviour. By age 4, diffuse attachments remain but clinging is replaced by attention seeking and indiscriminately friendly behaviour. In most cases there will be a history of marked inconsistency in early care givers involving multiple changes *resistant insecure children

Answer 146

Positive reinforcement

Answer 147

Francine Shapiro

Answer 148

Exposure and repsonse prevention

Answer 149

- Repression (pushing away unaccpetable ideas) - isolation (thoughts and behaviours are isolated so that their links with other thoughts or memories are broken) - displacement (emotions and ideas are transferred from origina object to a less threatening one)

Answer 150

- Anticipation (realistically planning future inner discomfort) - altruism (using constructive and instinctually gtaifying service to others to undergo a vicarious experience) - humour (using comedy to express feelings without produciing an unpleasant effect on others) - sublimation (altering soically objectionable aim to an acceptable one - asceticism (eliminating the pleasurable effects of experiences) - suppression - identification - introjection

Answer 151

``` Displacement Dissociation Intellectualisation Reaction formation Repression Isolation Regression Rationalisation Controlling Externalisation Undoing ```

Answer 152

``` Schizoid fantasy Projection Passive-aggressive behaviour Acting out Hypochondriasis Idealisation Projective identification ```

Answer 153

Distortion Denial Delusional projection Splitting

Answer 154

Better identification adn reattribution of symptoms

Answer 155

Mirroring transference

Answer 156

behavioural activation therapy

Answer 157

Motivational interviewing

Answer 158

CBT, Cognitive Therapy

Answer 159

Strategic Family Therapy