Psychotherapetic Drugs Flashcards
agoraphobia
an anxiety disorder that involves an intense fear of being in unfamiliar situations or places that may be difficult to leave or in which help may not be available in the event of having an unexpected panic attack or panic-like symptoms
affective disorders
emotional disorders that are characterised by changes in mood
akathisia
a movement disorder in which there is an inability to sit still; motor restlessness; it can occur as an adverse affect of psychotropic medications
anxiety
the unpleasant state of mind in which real or imagined dangers are anticipated and/or exaggerated
biogenic amine hypothesis
a theory suggesting that depression and mania are caused by alterations in the concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine, and serotonin and histamine in the brain
bipolar disorder
a major psychological disorder characterised by episodes of mania or hypomania, cycling with depression; formerly called manic-depressive illness
depression
an abnormal emotional state characterised by exaggerated feelings of sadness, melancholy, dejection, worthlessness, emptiness, and hopelessness that impact the patient’s life and may be out of proportion to reality; signs include withdrawal from social contact, loss of appetite, and insomnia
dopamine hypothesis
a theory suggesting that dopamine dysregulation in certain parts of the brain is one of the primary contributing factors to the development of psychotic disorders (psychoses)
dyskinesia
term for abnormal and distressing involuntary movements; inability to control movements
dysregulation hypothesis
a theory that views depression and affective disorders as caused not simply by decreased or increased catecholamine and serotonin activity but by failure of the brain to regulate the levels of these neurotransmitters
dystonia
a syndrome of abnormal muscle contraction that produces repetitive involuntary twisting movements and abnormal posturing of the neck, face, trunk, and extremities; often caused as an adverse reaction to psychotropic medications
extrapyramidal symptoms
the term for signs and symptoms that resemble pathologic changes to the pyramidal portions of the brain; such symptoms include various motion disorders similar to those seen in Parkinson’s disease, and are an adverse effect associated with use of various antipsychotic drugs
gamma-aminobutyric acid
an amino acid in the brain that fictions to inhibit nerve transmission in the central nervous system
hypomania
a less severe and less potentially hazardous form of mania
mania
an acute illness characterised by an expansive emotional state, including extreme excitement, elation, hyperactivity, agitation, talkativeness, flight of idea, reduced attention span, increased psychomotor activity, impulsivity, insomnia, anorexia, and sometimes violent, destructive, and self-destructive behaviour
metabolic syndrome
a cluster of conditions (increased glucose level, increased blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels, excess body fat around the waist) occurring together that increases the risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes
neuroleptic malignant syndrome
an uncommon but serious adverse effect associated with the use of antipsychotic drugs and characterised by symptoms such as fever, cardiovascular instability, and myoglobinemia (presence in the blood of muscle breakdown proteins)
neurotransmitters
endogenous chemicals in the body that serve to conduct nerve impulses between nerve cells (neurons)
permissive hypothesis
a theory postulating that reduced concentrations of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is the predisposing factor in individuals with affective disorders
psychosis
(plural: psychoses) a type of serious mental illness that can take several different forms and is associated with being out of touch with reality; that is, the individual is unable to distinguish imaginary from real circumstances and events
psychotherapeutics
the treatment of emotional and mental disorders
psychotropic
capable of affecting mental processes; usually said of a medication
serotonin syndrome
a rare collection of symptoms resulting from elevated levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin; may occur with the use of any psychotropic drug (e.g. antidepressants, buspirone, tramadol) that enhances brain serotonin activity
stigma
widespread negative perceptions of and prejudice toward a specific group of people such as those with mental illness
tardive dyskinesia
a serious drug adverse effect characterised by abnormal and distressing involuntary body movements and muscle tension that is associated with the use of antipsychotic medications
anxiolytic drugs
benzodiazepines: alprazolam [Xanax], clorazepate [Tranxene T-Tab], chlordiazepoxide [Librium], clonazepam [Klonopin], diazepam [Valium], lorazepam [Ativan], oxazepam [Serex]
miscellaneous: buspirone [BuSpar], meprobamate [Miltown], hydroxyzine [Vistaril]
adverse effects of anxiolytic drugs: benzodiazepines
amnesia, anorexia, sedation, lethargy, fatigue, confusion, drowsiness, dizziness, ataxia, headache, visual changes, hypotension, weight gain or loss, nausea, weakness
adverse effects of anxiolytic drugs: miscellaneous (buspirone)
paradoxical anxiety, dizziness, blurred vision, headache, nausea
mood stabilisers
lithium carbonate [Lithobid], lithium citrate [Generic], antiepileptics (valproic acid, lamotrigine, topiramate, oxcarbazepine) [Depakote, Depakene, Lamictal, Topamax, Trileptal]
antidepressants (first generation): tricyclics
amitriptyline [Elavil], amoxapine [Generic], clomipramine [Anafranil], desipramine [Norpramin], doxepin [Sinequan], imipramine [Tofranil], nortriptyline [Pamelor], protriptyline [Vivactil], trimipramine [Surmontil]
antidepressants (first generation): tetracyclics
maprotiline (first generation) [Generic], mirtazapine (second generation) [Remeron]
antidepressants (first generation): MAOIs
isocarboxazid [Marplan], phenelzine [Nardil], tranylcypromine [Parnate]
antidepressants (second generation): SSRIs
citalopram [Celexa], escitalopram [Lexapro], fluoxetine [Prozac], fluvoxamine [Generic], paroxetine [Paxil], sertraline [Zoloft]
antidepressants (second generation): SNRIs
duloxetine [Cymbalta], venlafaxine [Effexor], desvenlafazine [Pristiq]
antidepressants (second generation): miscellaneous
bupropion [Wellbutrin], nefazodone [Generic], trazodone [Generic, Oleptro], vilazodone [Viibrya]
adverse effects of mood stabilisers: lithium salts
GO discomfort, tremor, confusion, sedation, seizures, cardiac dysrhythmia, drowsiness, slurred speech, slowed motor abilities, weight gain, ataxia, hypotension
adverse effects of mood stabilisers: antiepileptic drugs
dizziness, drowsiness, GI upset, weight gain, hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, unusual eye movements, visual changes, behavioural changes, ataxia
adverse effects of antidepressants (first generation): tricyclics
anorexia, dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, gymecomastia, sexual dysfunction, altered blood glucose level, urinary retention, agitation, anxiety, ataxia, cognitive impairment, sedation, headache, insomnia, skin rash, photosensitivity, weight changes, orthostatic hypotension, blood dyscrasias
adverse effects of antidepressants (first generation): MAOIs
dizziness, dyskinesias, nausea, syncope, hypotension
adverse effects of antidepressants (second generation): tetracyclics (mirtazapine, maprotiline)
drowsiness, abnormal dreams, dry mouth, constipation, increased appetite, asthenia (muscle weakness)
adverse effects of antidepressants (second generation): SSRIs
anxiety, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, mild GI disturbance, sexual dysfunction, asthenia, tremor
adverse effects of antidepressants (second generation): SNRIs
dizziness, drowsiness, headache, GI upset, anorexia, hepatotoxicity
adverse effects of antidepressants (second generation): miscellaneous (trazodone, bupropion)
dizziness, headache, sedation, nausea, blurred vision, tachycardia
common symptoms of serotonin syndrome
delirium, agitation, tachycardia, sweating, myoclonus (muscle spasms), hyperreflexia, shivering, coarse tremors, extensor plantar muscle (sole of foot) responses
severe symptoms of serotonin syndrome
hyperthermia, seizures, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, cardiac dysrhythmias, disseminated intravascular coagulation
conventional antipsychotic drugs: phenothiazines
chlorpromazine [Thorazine], fluphenazine [generic], perphenazine [generic], prochlorperazine [Compazine], trifluoperazine [generic], thioridazine [generic]
conventional antipsychotic drugs: thioxanthene
thiothixene [Navane]
conventional antipsychotic drugs: phenylbutylpiperidines
haloperidol [Haldol], pimozide [Orap]
conventional antipsychotic drugs: dihydroindolone
molindone [Moban]
atypical antipsychotic drugs: dibenzodiazepines
clozapine [Clorazil], loxapine [Loxitane], olanzapine [Zyprexa], quetiapine [Seroquel], asenapine [Saphris]
atypical antipsychotic drugs: benzisoxazoles
lurasidone [Latuda], paliperidone [Invega], risperidone [Risperdal], ziprasidone [Geodon], iloperidone [Fanapt]
atypical antipsychotic drugs: quinolinone
aripiprazole [Abilify]
adverse effects of conventional psychotropic drugs (e.g. haloperidol)
akathisia, extrapyramidal symptoms, hypertension, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, confusion, headache, mild GI disturbance, dry mouth, amenorrhea, gymecomastia, visual disturbances, hyperpyrexia, oedema, tardive dyskinesia, skin rash, photosensitivity, weight gain, urinary retention
adverse effects of atypical psychotropic drugs (e.g. clozapine, risperidone)
tachycardia, akathisia, agitation, asthenia, ataxia, seizures, dyskinesia, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, insomnia, dry mouth, dyspepsia, anxiety, increased appetite, weight gain
psychotherapeutic drugs
alprazolam, amitriptyline, bupropion, buspirone, clozapine, diazepam, duloxetine, fluoxetine, haloperidol, lithium, lorazepam, mirtazapine, risperidone, selegiline transdermal patch, trazodone
