Psychopharmacology

Question 1

The tiny space between the terminal button and the dendrite of another neuron is called the _____.

Answer 1

Synaptic cleft

Question 2

When a neural impulse reaches the end of an axon, it causes the tiny sacs at the end of the axon to release chemicals called ______.

Answer 2

Neurotransmitters

Question 3

Most terminal buttons contain a number of tiny storage sacs called _____.

Answer 3

Synaptic Vesicles

Question 4

The entire area composed of the terminal button, the synaptic cleft, and the dendrite or soma of the next neuron is called the _____.

Answer 4

Synapse

Question 5

What is the purpose of endorphins?

Answer 5

It involved in the reduction of pain and enhancement of pleasure

Question 6

A neurotransmitter that is associated with both schizophrenia and PD is _____.

Answer 6

Dopamine

Question 7

What does an agonist do?

Answer 7

It mimics the effects of a natural neurotransmitter and do so by binding directly to a receptor site.

Question 8

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is associated with the _____.

a. regulation of sleep
b. regulation of pain and pleasure
c. inactivation if synaptic processes
d. regulation of both memory and movement
e. modulation of anxiety

Answer 8

(d)

Question 9

What is a postsynaptic potential (PSP)?

Answer 9

A PSP is dependent on the release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft that binds to a receptor site. A PSP is a graded response that affects the probability of a neuronal impulse based on its size and polarity

Question 10

How many stages are involved in the transmission of a neuronal impulse across the synaptic junction.

Answer 10

Five

Question 11

The site of neurotransmitter synthesis is _____.

Answer 11

Neuronal Soma. Neurotransmitter synthesis occurs within the soma, where the nucleus of a nueron is found

Question 12

What happens with the release of neurotransmitters?

Answer 12

Following the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, they may bind to receptor sites and if sufficient may trigger an action potential at the postsynaptic membrane. Neurotransmitters may then be inactivated by enzymes present in the synaptic cleft.

Question 13

Receptor sites are located on _____

Answer 13

Postsynaptic membrane.

This membrane receives information from another neuron and contains receptor sites for this purpose.

Question 14

Following the initiation of an action potential on the postsynaptic membrane, what might happen to the neurotransmitter?

Answer 14

Neurotransmitters may be taken up by the presynaptic membrane after a synaptic transmission for reuse.

Question 15

Following reuptake of neurotransmitters, _____.

a. some will be stored in the receptor sites
b. some will be stored in the soma
c. some will be “resynthesized” in the vesicles
d. some will be stored in the synaptic vesicles
e. none of the alternatives is correct

Answer 15

(d)

Question 16

Following the synthesis of the neurotransmitters _____.

a. they are transported to the postsynaptic membrane via the dendrites
b. they are transported to the postsynaptic membrane via the axon
c. they are transported to the presynaptic membrane via the dendrites
d. they are transported to the presynaptic membrane via the axon

Answer 16

(c)

Question 17

What are synaptic vesicles involved in?

Answer 17

They are involved in the storage, transport, release, and reuptake of neurotransmitters

Question 18

Where are neurotransmitters released from?

Answer 18

Presynaptic neuronal membrane

Question 19

What happens when within the synaptic cleft?

a. neurotransmitters are synthesised
b. neurotransmitters are reabsorbed
c. neurotransmitters are inactivated
d. synaptic vesicles are produced
e. neurotransmitters are packaged

Answer 19

(c)

Question 20

What does neurochemicals include?

Answer 20

Neurotransmitters, Neuromodulators and Neurohormones

Question 21

What does neurotransmitters participate in?

Answer 21

They participate in nondirected synapses by acting on neurons in their own immediate vicinity

Question 22

What does neuromodulators participate in?

Answer 22

They participate in nondirected synapses by acting on more distant neurons.
Neuromodulators communicate with target diffuse away from the point of release

Question 23

What does neurohormones participate in?

Answer 23

They participate in nondirected synapses by acting on more distant neurons.
Neurohormones travel in blood supply to reach their final target

Question 24

What are the features of small-molecules?

In terms of:

• Synthesis
• Recycling of vesicles
• Activation
• Deactivation

Answer 24

• In axon terminal
• There is recycling of vesicles
• Moderate action potentials (activation)
• Reuptake or ezymatic degradation (deactivation)

Question 25

What are the features of neuropeptides? In terms of: - Synthesis - Recycling of vesicles - Activation - Deactivation

Answer 25

- In cell body; requires transplant - There is no recycling of vesicles - High action potential frequency (activation) - Diffusion away from the synapse or enzymatic degradation (deactivation)