Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of Nervous System Flashcards
A plane that separates the body or structure into upper and lower parts is called a _______
Transverse plane.
Transverse planes travel “across” the body in a horizontal direction, dividing it into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts. This is the only type of horizontal plane.
A plane that separates the body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) part is called a _____
Frontal plane.
Anterior means toward the front. Frontal planes, also called coronal planes, run vertically (top to bottom) and divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.
A plane that separates the body or structure into right and left parts down the body’s midline is called a _____
Midsagittal/median plane.
A sagittal plane is any plane that runs vertically and separates the body or structure into a right and left part. Sagittal planes that run down the exact midline of the body are called midsagittal planes or median planes.
*You can remember this plane by visualizing the sagittal suture on the skull. Parasagittal planes divide the body into uneven parts.
A plane that separates the body into parts that are neither perfectly vertical nor horizontal is called a _____
Oblique plane.
Oblique planes can be any angle other than a perfect 90 degree angle. You can remember this by remembering that “obliques are odd” angles that are neither vertical nor horizontal. Also, your oblique muscles come down at an angle toward your abdominal muscles.
Which option below provides the best summary of the four types of body planes?
a. Two are vertical, one is horizontal, and one is any odd angle.
b. Two are horizontal, one is vertical, and one is any odd angle.
c. All planes are horizontal.
d. All planes are vertical.
(a)
Two are vertical (frontal and sagittal), one is horizontal (transverse), and one is any odd angle (obliques). Remember the acronym “soft” to remember the four major body planes.
A plane that runs from top to bottom (vertical), dividing the body into unequal left and right parts is called a _____
Parasagittal plane.
A parasagittal plane is any plane that divides the body into left and right sides that are unequal. A sagittal plane that divides the body right down the midline is called a midsagittal plane or median plane
Frontal planes are also called _____
Coronal planes.
Transverse plane can also be called _____
Horizontal planes
Nervous system is protected by _____ and _____?
Meninges and CSF
The cerebellum is ______
a. is a part of the hindbrain;
b. is a part of the midbrain;
c. controls coordinated motor movement;
d. both alternatives a and c above are correct;
e. both alternatives b and c above are correct;
(d)
Melissa is having difficulties staying awake during the day and sleeping through the night. Her difficulties are most likely due to problems in the ______.
a. cerebellum
b. hindbrain
c. midbrain
d. forebrain
e. none of the alternatives is correct
(b)
the sleep-wake cycle is controlled by the nuclei found in the brainstem and pons of the hindbrain
The part of the brainstem that controls our ability to shift our gaze toward (or orient to) important events in our environment is the _____
Midbrain
Even the most primitive of animal brains has a _____.
Hindbrain.
The hindbrain was the earliest portion of the CNS to evolve
The part of the hindbrain that controls breathing, heartrate, and other cardiovascular functions is the _____.
Medulla and Pons
Which of the following structures are not included in the forebrain?
a. thalamus
b. hypothalamus
c. limbic system
d. cerebellum
e. cerebral cortex
(d)
Which main division of the central nervous system is the most highly evolved and has the most complex structure and function?
Forebrain
Superior (above) is to inferior (below) as _____.
a. cerebellum is to cerebral cortex
b. midbrain is to forebrain
c. cerebral cortex is to hindbrain
d. hindbrain is to midbrain
e. medulla to thalamus
(c)
cerebral cortex is located superior to the hindbrain
Human thought, emotions, and complex behaviors are controlled by the
Cerebral cortex
Primary somatosensory cortex is _____.
a. located in the frontal lobe
b. located just posterior to the lateral fissure
c. located in the temporal lobe
d. allows us to locate where we are being touched
e. allows us to control the muscles of our bodies
(d)
Primary auditory cortex is located ____
Located both in the temporal and below the lateral fissure
Information from all sense of modalities integrated within the ______
Parietal lobe
Control of movement occurs within ______.
a. temporal lobe
b. occipital lobe
c. parietal lobe
d. frontal lobe
e. central fissure
(d)
Primary motor cortex is located ____
Located infront of the central fissure
Occipital lobe is involved in the perceptual processing of ____ information
Visual
The _____ forms a boundary between the temporal and parietal lobes
Lateral fissure
The temporal lobe is located at _____
- the location of primary auditory cortex
- below the parietal lobe
- below the frontal lobe
- infront of the occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex is located at _____
Located in the occipital lobe
Which direction is superior facing?
Toward the head (upper or above)
What are the structures of the Brainstem?
Raphe Nuclei and Locus Coeruleus
What are the structures of hindbrain
Medulla, pons and cerebellum
What are the structures of Midbrain
Tectum Tegmentum Cerebral Aqueduct Periaquectal Grey Red nucleus Substantia Nigra Superior Colliculi
What are the structures of forebrain?
Thalamus Hypothalamus Basal ganglia Limbic system Cerebral Cortex
What does Basal ganglia consists of?
Caudate Nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus Subthalamic Nucleus Nucleus Accumbens
What does Limbic system consists of?
Hippocampus Parahippocampal Gyrus Fornix Amygdala Cingulate Cortex Septal Area
What are the lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?
Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
What are pons responsible for?
Management of states of consciousness
What are Cerebrum responsible for?
Balancing
Muscle toning and coordination
Certain types of learning
Higher cognitive functions in humans
What are Cerebrum responsible for?
Balancing
Muscle toning and coordination
Certain types of learning
Higher cognitive functions in humans
What are raphe nuclei participate in?
The regulation of sleep, arousal, mood, appetite and aggression
What does Locus coeruleus do?
It participates in arousal, sleep and mood
What does medulla participate in?
Regulates breathing, heartrate and blood pressure
Where is Reticular formation located at and what is it responsible for?
It is a complex of nuclei that runs along the midline of the brainstem from medulla up into the midbrain.
Nuclei within the reticular formation play an important role in the regulation of arousal, movement and pain
Where is pons located at?
Lies immediately rostral to the medulla
Where are cochlear and vestibular nucleus found? What are the role of these two nucleus?
They are found in the brainstem.
The cochlear nucleus receives information about sound while the vestibular input helps us keep our balance (responsible for causing motion sickness)
What are cerebellum responsible for?
Coordinating voluntary movements Maintaining muscle tones Regulating balance Speech Executive functions Emotional proceesing
What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?
It affects skilled movement, including speech production
What does raphe nuclei participate in?
The regulation of sleep, arousal, mood, appetite and aggression
What does Locus coeruleus do?
It participates in arousal, sleep and mood
What does medulla participate in?
Regulates breathing, heartrate and blood pressure
Where is Reticular formation located at and what is it responsible for?
It is a complex of nuclei that runs along the midline of the brainstem from medulla up into the midbrain.
Nuclei within the reticular formation play an important role in the regulation of arousal, movement and pain
Where is pons located at?
Lies immediately rostral to the medulla
Where are cochlear and vestibular nucleus found? What are the role of these two nucleus?
They are found in the brainstem.
The cochlear nucleus receives information about sound while the vestibular input helps us keep our balance (responsible for causing motion sickness)
What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?
It affects skilled movement, including speech production
What are cerebellum responsible for?
Coordinating voluntary movements Maintaining muscle tones Regulating balance Speech Executive functions Emotional proceesing
What is the difference between cerebrum and cerebellum?
Cerebrum is a large part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex. It is the uppermost region of the CNS
Cerebellum has the appearance of a separate structure attached to the bottom of the brain, tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres
What is the difference between cerebrum and cerebellum?
Cerebrum is a large part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex. It is the uppermost region of the CNS
Cerebellum has the appearance of a separate structure attached to the bottom of the brain, tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres
Where is tectum located at?
The dorsal portion of the midbrain (the “roof”)
Where is Tegmentum located at?
Ventral portion of the midbrain (the “covering”)
What is periaqueductal grey responsible for?
It is responsible for pain management
When your brain senses pain, it will release a signal to prompt your body to release endorphins to cope with that pain.
What is periaqueductal grey responsible for?
It is responsible for pain management
When your brain senses pain, it will release a signal to prompt your body to release endorphins to cope with that pain.
It also regulates sleep and coordinates complex motor patterns, including vocalizations, temperature regulation, cardiovascular and respiratory responses.
What is periaqueductal grey responsible for?
It is responsible for pain management
When your brain senses pain, it will release a signal to prompt your body to release endorphins to cope with that pain.
Where does CSF flows through?
Cerebral Aqueduct
Where is tectum located at?
The dorsal portion of the midbrain (the “roof”)
Where is Tegmentum located at?
Ventral portion of the midbrain (the “covering”)
What is the purpose of Red nucleus?
Communicates motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum. It gives rise to the rubrospinal tract, which is an alternative pathway for voluntary movement commands
What is substantia nigra responsible for? And what happens if there’s a degeneration in this area?
It participates in circuits involved with reward-seeking behaviours
Degeneration to this area could result in PD which is characterised by difficulties in initiating movements
