Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
A plane that separates the body or structure into upper and lower parts is called a _______
A
Transverse plane.
Transverse planes travel “across” the body in a horizontal direction, dividing it into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts. This is the only type of horizontal plane.
2
Q
A plane that separates the body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) part is called a _____
A
Frontal plane.
Anterior means toward the front. Frontal planes, also called coronal planes, run vertically (top to bottom) and divide the body into anterior and posterior sections.
3
Q
A plane that separates the body or structure into right and left parts down the body’s midline is called a _____
A
Midsagittal/median plane.
A sagittal plane is any plane that runs vertically and separates the body or structure into a right and left part. Sagittal planes that run down the exact midline of the body are called midsagittal planes or median planes.
*You can remember this plane by visualizing the sagittal suture on the skull. Parasagittal planes divide the body into uneven parts.
4
Q
A plane that separates the body into parts that are neither perfectly vertical nor horizontal is called a _____
A
Oblique plane.
Oblique planes can be any angle other than a perfect 90 degree angle. You can remember this by remembering that “obliques are odd” angles that are neither vertical nor horizontal. Also, your oblique muscles come down at an angle toward your abdominal muscles.
5
Q
Which option below provides the best summary of the four types of body planes?
a. Two are vertical, one is horizontal, and one is any odd angle.
b. Two are horizontal, one is vertical, and one is any odd angle.
c. All planes are horizontal.
d. All planes are vertical.
A
(a)
Two are vertical (frontal and sagittal), one is horizontal (transverse), and one is any odd angle (obliques). Remember the acronym “soft” to remember the four major body planes.
6
Q
A plane that runs from top to bottom (vertical), dividing the body into unequal left and right parts is called a _____
A
Parasagittal plane.
A parasagittal plane is any plane that divides the body into left and right sides that are unequal. A sagittal plane that divides the body right down the midline is called a midsagittal plane or median plane
7
Q
Frontal planes are also called _____
A
Coronal planes.
8
Q
Transverse plane can also be called _____
A
Horizontal planes
9
Q
Nervous system is protected by _____ and _____?
A
Meninges and CSF
10
Q
The cerebellum is ______
a. is a part of the hindbrain;
b. is a part of the midbrain;
c. controls coordinated motor movement;
d. both alternatives a and c above are correct;
e. both alternatives b and c above are correct;
A
(d)
11
Q
Melissa is having difficulties staying awake during the day and sleeping through the night. Her difficulties are most likely due to problems in the ______.
a. cerebellum
b. hindbrain
c. midbrain
d. forebrain
e. none of the alternatives is correct
A
(b)
the sleep-wake cycle is controlled by the nuclei found in the brainstem and pons of the hindbrain
12
Q
The part of the brainstem that controls our ability to shift our gaze toward (or orient to) important events in our environment is the _____
A
Midbrain
13
Q
Even the most primitive of animal brains has a _____.
A
Hindbrain.
The hindbrain was the earliest portion of the CNS to evolve
14
Q
The part of the hindbrain that controls breathing, heartrate, and other cardiovascular functions is the _____.
A
Medulla and Pons
15
Q
Which of the following structures are not included in the forebrain?
a. thalamus
b. hypothalamus
c. limbic system
d. cerebellum
e. cerebral cortex
A
(d)
16
Q
Which main division of the central nervous system is the most highly evolved and has the most complex structure and function?
A
Forebrain
17
Q
Superior (above) is to inferior (below) as _____.
a. cerebellum is to cerebral cortex
b. midbrain is to forebrain
c. cerebral cortex is to hindbrain
d. hindbrain is to midbrain
e. medulla to thalamus
A
(c)
cerebral cortex is located superior to the hindbrain
18
Q
Human thought, emotions, and complex behaviors are controlled by the
A
Cerebral cortex
19
Q
Primary somatosensory cortex is _____.
a. located in the frontal lobe
b. located just posterior to the lateral fissure
c. located in the temporal lobe
d. allows us to locate where we are being touched
e. allows us to control the muscles of our bodies
A
(d)
20
Q
Primary auditory cortex is located ____
A
Located both in the temporal and below the lateral fissure
21
Q
Information from all sense of modalities integrated within the ______
A
Parietal lobe
22
Q
Control of movement occurs within ______.
a. temporal lobe
b. occipital lobe
c. parietal lobe
d. frontal lobe
e. central fissure
A
(d)
23
Q
Primary motor cortex is located ____
A
Located infront of the central fissure
24
Q
Occipital lobe is involved in the perceptual processing of ____ information
A
Visual
25
The _____ forms a boundary between the temporal and parietal lobes
Lateral fissure
26
The temporal lobe is located at _____
- the location of primary auditory cortex
- below the parietal lobe
- below the frontal lobe
- infront of the occipital lobe
27
Primary visual cortex is located at _____
Located in the occipital lobe
28
Which direction is superior facing?
Toward the head (upper or above)
29
What are the structures of the Brainstem?
Raphe Nuclei and Locus Coeruleus
30
What are the structures of hindbrain
Medulla, pons and cerebellum
31
What are the structures of Midbrain
```
Tectum
Tegmentum
Cerebral Aqueduct
Periaquectal Grey
Red nucleus
Substantia Nigra
Superior Colliculi
```
32
What are the structures of forebrain?
```
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Basal ganglia
Limbic system
Cerebral Cortex
```
33
What does Basal ganglia consists of?
```
Caudate Nucleus
Putamen
Globus Pallidus
Subthalamic Nucleus
Nucleus Accumbens
```
34
What does Limbic system consists of?
```
Hippocampus
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Fornix
Amygdala
Cingulate Cortex
Septal Area
```
35
What are the lobes of the Cerebral Cortex?
Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
36
What are pons responsible for?
Management of states of consciousness
37
What are Cerebrum responsible for?
Balancing
Muscle toning and coordination
Certain types of learning
Higher cognitive functions in humans
38
What are Cerebrum responsible for?
Balancing
Muscle toning and coordination
Certain types of learning
Higher cognitive functions in humans
39
What are raphe nuclei participate in?
The regulation of sleep, arousal, mood, appetite and aggression
40
What does Locus coeruleus do?
It participates in arousal, sleep and mood
41
What does medulla participate in?
Regulates breathing, heartrate and blood pressure
42
Where is Reticular formation located at and what is it responsible for?
It is a complex of nuclei that runs along the midline of the brainstem from medulla up into the midbrain.
Nuclei within the reticular formation play an important role in the regulation of arousal, movement and pain
43
Where is pons located at?
Lies immediately rostral to the medulla
44
Where are cochlear and vestibular nucleus found? What are the role of these two nucleus?
They are found in the brainstem.
The cochlear nucleus receives information about sound while the vestibular input helps us keep our balance (responsible for causing motion sickness)
45
What are cerebellum responsible for?
```
Coordinating voluntary movements
Maintaining muscle tones
Regulating balance
Speech
Executive functions
Emotional proceesing
```
46
What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?
It affects skilled movement, including speech production
47
What does raphe nuclei participate in?
The regulation of sleep, arousal, mood, appetite and aggression
48
What does Locus coeruleus do?
It participates in arousal, sleep and mood
49
What does medulla participate in?
Regulates breathing, heartrate and blood pressure
50
Where is Reticular formation located at and what is it responsible for?
It is a complex of nuclei that runs along the midline of the brainstem from medulla up into the midbrain.
Nuclei within the reticular formation play an important role in the regulation of arousal, movement and pain
51
Where is pons located at?
Lies immediately rostral to the medulla
52
Where are cochlear and vestibular nucleus found? What are the role of these two nucleus?
They are found in the brainstem.
The cochlear nucleus receives information about sound while the vestibular input helps us keep our balance (responsible for causing motion sickness)
53
What happens if the cerebellum is damaged?
It affects skilled movement, including speech production
54
What are cerebellum responsible for?
```
Coordinating voluntary movements
Maintaining muscle tones
Regulating balance
Speech
Executive functions
Emotional proceesing
```
55
What is the difference between cerebrum and cerebellum?
Cerebrum is a large part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex. It is the uppermost region of the CNS
Cerebellum has the appearance of a separate structure attached to the bottom of the brain, tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres
55
What is the difference between cerebrum and cerebellum?
Cerebrum is a large part of the brain, containing the cerebral cortex. It is the uppermost region of the CNS
Cerebellum has the appearance of a separate structure attached to the bottom of the brain, tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres
57
Where is tectum located at?
The dorsal portion of the midbrain (the “roof”)
58
Where is Tegmentum located at?
Ventral portion of the midbrain (the “covering”)
59
What is periaqueductal grey responsible for?
It is responsible for pain management
| When your brain senses pain, it will release a signal to prompt your body to release endorphins to cope with that pain.
60
What is periaqueductal grey responsible for?
It is responsible for pain management
When your brain senses pain, it will release a signal to prompt your body to release endorphins to cope with that pain.
It also regulates sleep and coordinates complex motor patterns, including vocalizations, temperature regulation, cardiovascular and respiratory responses.
61
What is periaqueductal grey responsible for?
It is responsible for pain management
| When your brain senses pain, it will release a signal to prompt your body to release endorphins to cope with that pain.
62
Where does CSF flows through?
Cerebral Aqueduct
63
Where is tectum located at?
The dorsal portion of the midbrain (the “roof”)
64
Where is Tegmentum located at?
Ventral portion of the midbrain (the “covering”)
65
What is the purpose of Red nucleus?
Communicates motor information between the spinal cord and the cerebellum. It gives rise to the rubrospinal tract, which is an alternative pathway for voluntary movement commands
66
What is substantia nigra responsible for? And what happens if there’s a degeneration in this area?
It participates in circuits involved with reward-seeking behaviours
Degeneration to this area could result in PD which is characterised by difficulties in initiating movements
67
What is substantia nigra responsible for? And what happens if there’s a degeneration in this area?
It participates in circuits involved with reward-seeking behaviours
Degeneration to this area could result in PD which is characterised by difficulties in iniating movements
68
What is substantia nigra responsible for? And what happens if there’s a degeneration in this area?
It participates in circuits involved with reward-seeking behaviours
Degeneration to this area could result in PD which is characterised by difficulties in iniating movements
69
What are the functions of Superior Colliculi?
It receives input from the optic nerves leaving the eye. Although the colliculi are part of the visual system, they are unable to tell you what you’re seeing.
It also allow us to make visually guided movements, such as turning the eyes in the direction of visual stimulus
In addition, it is responsible for the localization of sounds in the environment by comparing the timing of the arrival or sounds at the two ears
70
What are the functions of Superior Colliculi?
It receives input from the optic nerves leaving the eye. Although the colliculi are part of the visual system, they are unable to tell you what you’re seeing.
It also allow us to make visually guided movements, such as turning the eyes in the direction of visual stimulus
In addition, it is responsible for the localization of sounds in the environment by comparing the timing of the arrival or sounds at the two ears
71
What is the thalamus responsible for?
It receives sensory input and regulatory input.
Most of our sensory systems (exception of olfaction)converge initially to the thalamus, and to the cerebral cortex for further processing.
This area would also participate in states of consciousness
72
What happens if the thalamus is damaged?
Damage to the thalamus typically results in coma and disturbances in circuits linking the thalamus and cerebral cortex are involved in some seizures
73
What is the thalamus responsible for?
It receives sensory input and regulatory input.
Most of our sensory systems (exception of olfaction)converge initially to the thalamus, and to the cerebral cortex for further processing.
This area would also participate in states of consciousness
74
What happens if the thalamus is damaged?
Damage to the thalamus typically results in coma and disturbances in circuits linking the thalamus and cerebral cortex are involved in some seizures
75
What is the function of hypothalamus?
It is the major regulatory centre for behaviours such as eating, drinking, sex, biorhythms, and temperature control.
Also, it regulates the endocrine system and is directly connected to the pituitary gland.
Lastly, it directs the autonomic nervous system, the portion of the PNS that controls our glands and organs
(collection of nuclei)
76
What is basal ganglia responsible for?
Responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions
77
What is the role of limbic system?
It plays a significant role in learning, motivated behaviour, and emotion
78
What is basal ganglia responsible for?
Responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions
79
What is the role of limbic system?
It plays a significant role in learning, motivated behaviour, and emotion
80
What does the Hippocampus do?
It is involve with the formation of long-term declarative memories
81
What does the Hippocampus do?
It is involve with the formation of long-term declarative memories
82
What happens if you damage your hippocampus?
Damage to the hippocampus in both hemispheres produce a syndrome known as amnesia (difficulty forming new long term declarative memories, which are memories for facts, language, and personal experience)
83
What is Amygdala responsible for?
It plays an important role in connecting stimuli to their emotional meanings, both positive and negative. It also receives input about the external world from sensory systems via connections with thalamus. Information are sent to other limbic structures and to the cerebral cortex.
84
What happens if you damage your hippocampus?
Damage to the hippocampus in both hemispheres produce a syndrome known as amnesia (difficulty forming new long term declarative memories, which are memories for facts, language, and personal experience)
85
What is Amygdala responsible for?
It plays an important role in connecting stimuli to their emotional meanings, both positive and negative. It also receives input about the external world from sensory systems via connections with thalamus. Information are sent to other limbic structures and to the cerebral cortex.
86
What is the septal area responsible for?
This area participate in reward. Electrical stimulation of this area is usually experienced as pleasurable, whereas lesions in this area produce uncontrollable rage and attack behaviours
87
What is the septal area responsible for?
This area participate in reward. Electrical stimulation of this area is usually experienced as pleasurable, whereas lesions in this area produce uncontrollable rage and attack behaviours
88
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
The frontal lobe is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, impulse control, problem solving, social interaction, and motor function
89
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
The frontal lobe is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, impulse control, problem solving, social interaction, and motor function
90
Where is the frontal lobe located at?
Between the frontal and occipital lobe
91
Where is the temporal lobe located at and what are they responsible for?
It lies ventral and lateral to the frontal and parietal lobes and rostral to the occipital lobe
92
Where is the frontal lobe located at?
Between the frontal and occipital lobe
93
Where is the temporal lobe located at and what are they responsible for?
It lies ventral and lateral to the frontal and parietal lobes and rostral to the occipital lobe
94
What separates the frontal and parietal loves of the cerebral cortex?
The central sulcus
95
What is the parietal lobe responsible? And where are they located at?
Contains the primary sensory cortex which controls sensation (touch, pressure). Behind the primary sensory cortex is a large association area that controls fine sensation (judgment of texture, weight, size, and shape)
It is located between the frontal and occipital lobe
96
What is the parietal lobe responsible? And where are they located at?
Contain the primary sensory cortex which controls sensation (touch, pressure). Behind the primary sensory cortex is a large association area that controls fine sensation (judgment of texture, weight, size, and shape)
97
What is the parietal lobe responsible? And where are they located at?
Contain the primary sensory cortex which controls sensation (touch, pressure). Behind the primary sensory cortex is a large association area that controls fine sensation (judgment of texture, weight, size, and shape)
98
Where is the location if primary visual cortex?
Occipital lobe
99
Where is occipital lobe located at?
The most caudal lobe of the cortex
100
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Mainly responsible for interpreting the visual world around the body, such as the shape, color, and location of an object. It then relays this information to other parts of the brain, which give this visual information its meaning.
101
Where is the motor cortex located at? And what is it responsible for?
It is located at the frontal lobe and it is responsible for the processing of movement
102
What is the purpose of association cortex?
It is an area of the cortex that does not process sensory or motor information directly but rather, serves as a bridge between areas
103
Where is the motor cortex located at? And what is it responsible for?
It is located at the frontal lobe and it is responsible for the processing of movement
104
What is the purpose of association cortex?
It is an area of the cortex that does not process sensory or motor information directly but rather, serves as a bridge between areas
105
Where is the location if primary visual cortex?
Occipital lobe
106
Where is occipital lobe located at?
The most caudal lobe of the cortex
107
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Mainly responsible for interpreting the visual world around the body, such as the shape, color, and location of an object. It then relays this information to other parts of the brain, which give this visual information its meaning.
108
Where is the insula located at? And what is it responsible for?
It is located within the lateral sulcus between the frontal parietal lob
109
What is the purpose of sensory cortex?
It is devoted to the processing of sensory information
110
Where is the primary visual cortex located at? And what does it do?
It is located within the temporal lobe that provides the initial cortical processing of sound information
111
Where is the insula located at? And what is it responsible for?
It is located within the lateral sulcus between the frontal parietal lob
112
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located at and what isit responsible for?
It is an area of the sensory cortex located within the parietal lobe that provides the highest level of processing for body senses such as touch, position, skin, temperature, and pain
113
What is an anterior commissure?
It is a small bundle of axons that connects structures in the right and left cerebral hemispheres
114
What are the two important areas within the frontal lobes?
Dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPC) and Orbitofrontal cortex
115
What is DLPC responsible for?
It is involved in the executive functions such as attention and working memory as well as the planning behaviour.
116
Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located at and what isit responsible for?
It is an area of the sensory cortex located within the parietal lobe that provides the highest level of processing for body senses such as touch, position, skin, temperature, and pain
117
What is an anterior commissure?
It is a small bundle of axons that connects structures in the right and left cerebral hemispheres
118
What are the two important areas within the frontal lobes?
Dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPC) and Orbitofrontal cortex
119
What is DLPC responsible for?
It is involved in the executive functions such as attention and working memory as well as the planning behaviour.
120
What is the orbitofrontal lobe responsible for?
Involve in impulse control and delayed gratification
121
What happens when the orbitofrontal cortex is damaged?
Damages to this area result in emotional disturbances and impulsivity
122
Where is the Broca’s area located at?
An area near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe
123
What is Broca’s area responsible for? And what happens when it is damaged?
It participates in speech.
| Damage to this area produces difficulty in speaking but has relatively less effect on a person’s comprehension of speech
124
What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
To carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and the brain as well as to bring back to the body commands for appropriate responses.
125
What is the Somatic Nervous system made of?
Cranial and spinal nerves
126
What is the orbitofrontal lobe responsible for?
Involve in impulse control and delayed gratification
127
What happens when the orbitofrontal cortex is damaged?
Damages to this area result in emotional disturbances and impulsivity
128
Where is the Broca’s area located at?
An area near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe
129
What is Broca’s area responsible for? And what happens when it is damaged?
It participates in speech.
| Damage to this area produces difficulty in speaking but has relatively less effect on a person’s comprehension of speech
130
What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
To carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and the brain as well as to bring back to the body commands for appropriate responses.
131
What is the Somatic Nervous system made of?
Cranial and spinal nerves
132
What is the Autonomic nervous system responsible for?
Part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion.
133
How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have?
12 pairs
134
What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?
```
Olfactory nerve (I)
Optic nerve (II)
Auditory nerve (VIII)
*carries only sensory information
```
```
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Spinal Accessory nerve (XI)
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
*carries only motor information
```
```
Trigeminal nerve (V)
Facial nerve (VII)
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus nerve (X)
*Mixed sensory and motor information
```
135
What happens when the orbitofrontal cortex is damaged?
Damages to this area result in emotional disturbances and impulsivity
136
Where is the Broca’s area located at?
An area near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe
137
What is Broca’s area responsible for? And what happens when it is damaged?
It participates in speech.
| Damage to this area produces difficulty in speaking but has relatively less effect on a person’s comprehension of speech
138
What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
To carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and the brain as well as to bring back to the body commands for appropriate responses.
139
What is the Somatic Nervous system made of?
Cranial and spinal nerves
140
What is the Autonomic nervous system responsible for?
It manages the vital functions if the body without conscious effort or awareness (e.g., respiration, pupil dilation, swallowing)
141
How many pairs of cranial nerves do we have?
12 pairs
142
What is the orbitofrontal lobe responsible for?
Involve in impulse control and delayed gratification
143
What happens when the orbitofrontal cortex is damaged?
Damages to this area result in emotional disturbances and impulsivity
144
Where is the Broca’s area located at?
An area near the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe
145
What is Broca’s area responsible for? And what happens when it is damaged?
It participates in speech.
| Damage to this area produces difficulty in speaking but has relatively less effect on a person’s comprehension of speech
146
What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
To carry sensory information from the body to the spinal cord and the brain as well as to bring back to the body commands for appropriate responses.
147
What is the Somatic Nervous system made of?
Cranial and spinal nerves
148
How many spinal nerves do we have? And what are their purposes?
The 31 pairs of spinal nerves provide sensory and motor pathways to the torso, arms, and legs
149
What happens when the spinal nerves are damaged?
Damage to this area is likely to reduce both sensation and motor control for a particular part if the body
150
What is biofeedback?
It is a set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure
151
How many parts are divided in the Autonomic Nervous system and what are they?
3 main parts:
Sympathetic Nervous system
Parasympathetic Nervous system
Enteric Nervous system
152
List down the functions of sympathetic nervous system.
It manages arousal and copes with emergencies by preparing the body for action known as fight-or-flight system.
It prepares our bodies for fighting or fleeing by shutting down low-priority systems and putting blood and oxygen into the most necessary parts of the body
Salivation and digestion are put on standby. Your heart and lungs operate to provide extra oxygen, which is fed to the large muscle groups
Blood vessels near the skin’s surface are constricted to channel blood to the large muscle groups
153
What is parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
Provides rest, repair, and energy storage
154
What is the purpose of Enteric nervous system?
It contributes to conscious sensations, such as pain, hunger, and satiety while much of its work remains below the level of consciousness awareness
155
Why are spinal nerves known as mixed nerves?
It contains a sensory or afferent nerve (carries information to the CNS) and a motor or efferent nerve (carries motor commands away from the CNS)
156
What are the 12 pairs of cranial nerves?
```
Olfactory nerve (I)
Optic nerve (II)
Auditory nerve (VIII)
*carries only sensory information
```
```
Oculomotor nerve (III)
Trochlear Nerve (IV)
Abducens nerve (VI)
Spinal Accessory Nerve
```
157
How many spinal nerves do we have? And what are their purposes?
The 31 pairs of spinal nerves provide sensory and motor pathways to the torso, arms, and legs
158
What happens when the spinal nerves are damaged?
Damage to this area is likely to reduce both sensation and motor control for a particular part if the body
159
What is biofeedback?
It is a set of techniques that enable people to control typically unconscious or involuntary functions such as blood pressure
160
How many parts are divided in the Autonomic Nervous system and what are they?
3 main parts:
Sympathetic Nervous system
Parasympathetic Nervous system
Enteric Nervous system
161
List down the functions of sympathetic nervous system.
It manages arousal and copes with emergencies by preparing the body for action known as fight-or-flight system.
It prepares our bodies for fighting or fleeing by shutting down low-priority systems and putting blood and oxygen into the most necessary parts of the body
Salivation and digestion are put on standby. Your heart and lungs operate to provide extra oxygen, which is fed to the large muscle groups
Blood vessels near the skin’s surface are constricted to channel blood to the large muscle groups
162
What is parasympathetic nervous system responsible for?
Provides rest, repair, and energy storage
163
What is the purpose of Enteric nervous system?
It contributes to conscious sensations, such as pain, hunger, and satiety while much of its work remains below the level of consciousness awareness
164
Why are spinal nerves known as mixed nerves?
It contains a sensory or afferent nerve (carries information to the CNS) and a motor or efferent nerve (carries motor commands away from the CNS)
165
What is the neurotransmitter that is mostly released by the Enteric Nervous system?
Serotonin (95%)
| *typically to control reflexes that move food through the system (however too much serotonin causes nausea and vomiting)
166
Define natural selection
Natural selection is the process by which favourable traits would become more common and unfavourable traits would become less common in subsequent generations due to differences
