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PY2101 > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of filament is involved with the development of AD?

A

Microtubules

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2
Q

Von Economo neurons are a type of ________ neuron.

A

Bipolar Neuron

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3
Q

What is the correct sequence of events that occurs once a neuron’s threshold for forming an action potential is reached?

a. sodium enters the neuron, followed by potassium leaving the neuron
b. sodium enters the neuron at the same time that potassium leaves the neuron
c. potassium enters the neuron, followed by sodium leaving the neuron
d. potassium enters the neuron at the same time that sodium leaves the neuron

A

(a)

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4
Q

The cell that underlies the activity of the entire nervous system is the _____.

A

Neuron. It is the fundamental functional unit of the nervous system

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5
Q

The physiological system that relays information in the form of electrochemical impulses throughout the body is called the _____.

A

Nervous system.

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6
Q

The portion of a neuron that carries outgoing messages to either a second neuron or a muscle or gland is called _____.

A

Axon

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7
Q

What is the functional difference of axon and dendrites?

A

Axon carries information away from the neuron whereas the dendrites carry information toward, not away from the neuron

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8
Q

The nucleus of a neuron is located within the ______

A

Soma

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9
Q

Fat containing cells that surround the axon of some neurons _______.

a. provide a protective covering
b. are the site of neurotransmitter production
c. receive messages from other neurons
d. slow down the rate of transmission
e. speed up the rate of transmission

A

(e)

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10
Q

Each neuron has how many axon(s)?

A

One

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11
Q

What are the multiple branches of a neuron that increase the cell’s ability to receive incoming information?

A

Dendrites. They are branches of the neuron that increase surface area for incoming information

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12
Q

The portion of a neuron that forms the presynaptic neuronal membrane is called the _____.

A

The presynaptic neuronal membrane is formed by the terminal button of the axon

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13
Q

Electrochemical communication takes place between neurons at a junction is called _____.

A

Synapse

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14
Q

The functions of a neuron is to _____ information.

a. receive
b. process
c. integrate
d. send
e. all of the above

A

(e)

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15
Q

The resting potential refers to the _____.

A

Stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron

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16
Q

The _____ is a brief wave of electrical charge that sweeps down the axon of a neuron

A

Action potential

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17
Q

What occurs when the sodium channels on the axons open?

A

An action potential

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18
Q

The neuronal impulse is an _____.

A

all-or-none phenomenon response to stimulation of sufficient strength.

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19
Q

The neuron has a semipermeable membrane, with sodium generally outside the membrane. This situation describes _____.

A

Resting potential. Concentration of sodium is greater outside the neuronal membrane when the neuron is at rest

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20
Q

What are ions?

A

Ions are electrically-charged particles that can be used to create batteries and that underlie both the resting and action potentials associated with neuronal function

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21
Q

A period after an action potential when a neuron will not fire again no matter how strong the incoming signal may be is called the ______

A

Absolute refractory period

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22
Q

What happens when a neuron is polarised?

A

During polarization or rest, the charge is negative inside relative to the outside

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23
Q

When the electrical charge inside a neuron is positive relative to the outside of the neuron it is in a state of______

A

Action potential

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24
Q

Define and describe the resting potential of a neuron.

A

Resting potential if a neuron is a state of polarization, -70mV in magnitude, that is due to a greater positive charge on the outside of the neuron relative to the inside of the neuron

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25
Q

Serotonin is a(n) _______ .

a. indoleamine and a monoamine
b. catecholamine and a monoamine
c. amino acid neurotransmitter
d. neuropeptide neurotransmitter
e. byproduct of ATP

A

(a)

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26
Q

What are the primary supporting cells of the CNS?

A

Macroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells)

Microglia

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27
Q

What is astrocyte located at and what are their functions?

A

CNS
They provide structural and nutritional support for neurons
Isolation of the synapse
Debris clean up
Blood-brain barrier (prevents viruses in the bloodstream from entering into the CNS)
Participates in chemical signalling

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28
Q

Where is oligodendrocyte located at and what are their functions?

A

CNS
Myelination of axons (could provide myelination for about 15 different neurons on multiple segments of the axon)
Contributes to the structural stability of the brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

Where is Schwann Cells located at and what are their functions?

A

PNS
Provides myelination of axons (one Schwann cells would only provide a single myelination on one axon)
Facilitates the regrowth of damaged axons (any damage to the PNS is reversible)

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30
Q

Where is the microglia located at and what are their functions?

A

CNS

Responsible for debris clean-up

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31
Q

What is the purpose of neurons?

A

They are the primary functioning cells of the CNS

Responsible for information processing and communication

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32
Q

What is phospholipid?

A

They are fats and they divide the fluids inside the neurons (intracellular fluid) from the fluid outside the neurons (extracellular fluids)

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33
Q

What are the two ion channels?

A

(passive channels)
Ligand-gated channel - open or close in response to a specific neurotransmitter

Voltage dependent - ions open in response to a specific intracellular voltage (the channel will simply open if the voltage is right)

34
Q

What pump is included in the ion pumps and what are they responsible for?

A

Sodium-potassium pump - responsible for returning the ions to its original states:
pump three sodium out if the cell in exchange for two potassium into the cell (prisoner exchange) - returning the cell to its resting potential

35
Q

What is the neural cytoskeleton composed of?

A

Microtubule
Neurofilament
Microfilament

36
Q

What is the function of microtubules?

A

Responsible for moving structures and materials within the cells
*toward the cell body (retrograde)
away from the cell body (anterograde)

37
Q

What is the purpose of Neurofilament?

A

They are the most common support and they provide structure

38
Q

What is the purpose of microfilament? And where is it located at?

A

It is located in the branches of the neuron

It participates in changing the length as well as the shaping of those branches during normal human development

39
Q

What is the process of Tau Phosphorylation?

A
  1. Tau connects microtubules and holds them in place
  2. Due to the action of certain enzymes, molecules of phosphate are added to tau
  3. Disconnected tau forms neurobrillary tangles
  4. Without tau to hold them in place, the microtubules separate and collapse
  5. Interference caused by the neurofibrillary tangles and the collasped microtubules leads to cell death
40
Q

Where is action potential initiated from?

A

Axon hillock. They travel the length of the axon to the axon terminal

41
Q

What happens during the arrival of action potential at the axon terminal?

A

This arrival would signal the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles.
The neurotransmitters will diffuse across the synaptic gap and they will interact with the receptor they embedded in the dendrites of receiving neurons

42
Q

What does the nucleus contains of and what is it’s purpose?

A

It contains the DNA of the cell and essentially directs the functioning of the cell

43
Q

What is the purpose of mitochondrion?

A

It constructs Adenosine Trysphophate (ATP) by using oxygen and glucose.

44
Q

What is the relationship between ATP and neurons?

A

ATP is a major energy source for neurons (often consumed by the ion pumps)

45
Q

What is the function of Axon?

A

It transmits neural signals

46
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

Receives signals from adjacent neurons

47
Q

What is the purpose of dendrites spines?

A

It increases the surface area resulting in better communication between dendrites spines and the axon terminal

48
Q

What is/are the factor(s) that affect the connectivity between the axon terminal and the dendrites spines?

A

It is heavily affected by learning. The more you learn due to certain experiences or changes, these two neurons will simply fire more efficiently

49
Q

What are the two methods to classify neurons?

A

Structural variation in neurons and functional variations in the neurons

50
Q

What does structural variations in neurons consist of? List and describe.

A

Unipolar
Single branch extending from the cell body

Bipolar
Two branches extending from the neural cell body: one axon and one dendrite
e.g., Von Economo Neurons: helps to process complex social behaviours

Multipolar
Many branches extending from the cell body: usually one axon and many dendrites

51
Q

What does functional variations in the nuerons consist of? List down the functions as well.

A

Sensory neurons
Specialized to receive information from the external world and transfer the information to the brain

Motor neurons
Transmit commands from the CNS directly to muscles and glands

Interneurons
Act as bridges between the sensory and motor systems

52
Q

What is action potential?

A

It is an electrical signal that begins the process of neural communication.

53
Q

List and describe the two type of movements of ions.

A

Diffusion
Molecules move from area of high concentration to areas with low concentrations (along a concentration gradient)

Electrostatic
Like-signed ions repel each other
Opposite-signed ions move toward each other

54
Q

What are the ionic composition of the intracellular and extracellular fluids during a resting potential?

A

When the cell is at rest, the concentration of positively charged ions is slightly greater outside the cell membrane

55
Q

What does concentration gradient mean?

A

Unequal change across the neuronal cell membrane is due primarily to the unequal distribution of sodium (Na+), potassium (k+) and chloride (Cl-).
This difference in distribution of ions is called the concentration gradient

56
Q

Describe the movement of the ions during resting potential.

A

When the neurons are at rest, potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) are allowed to pass at a moderate rate, while sodium gate remains closed while sodium gate remains closed.
The final mechanism for maintaining the concentration gradient involves active transport of sodium and potassium via the sodium-potassium pump
The sodium-potassium pump ejects 3 sodium ions for every two potassium ions pumped into the cell: energy is needed for this process

57
Q

What is the mV or neurons at rest?

A

-70mV

58
Q

What is polarisation? Describe.

A

Polarization is referred to as a stable state during action potential whereby different electrical charge exists on either side of the cell membrane due to the relative presence of negative/positive ions

59
Q

What are the ionic composition of the intracellular and extracellular fluids during an action potential?
Why does this changes happen?

A

The charge outside the neuron reverse in polarity to become negative.
This reversal is due yo the rapid flow of positively-charged, sodium ions into the neurons.
Following an action potential, the membrane channeles that opened to let positive sodium ions into the neuron close and remain closed for a brief time.

60
Q

What does the absolute refractory period do?

A

It prevents another action potential to be triggered.

61
Q

What is depolarization? Describe the polarity and the movement of ions.

A

Depolarization (reduction of polarization) is the electrical potential change that results in the propagation of action potential.
This state is of greater negativity inside the neuron due to the outflow of positively-charged, potassium ions.
This all-or-none response is characterised by the consistent size and timing of action potentials, regardless if the intensity of the initiating stimulus. As long as the neuron is moved to threshold, approximately 15mV from resting potential, an action potential of brief duration will occur

62
Q

Describe what is hyperpolarization and what happens during this process.

A

Hyperpolarization (increased polarization) is the electrical condition associated with the absolute refractory period.
Information in the nervous system is conveyed, therefore based on the rate at which action potentials are initiated.
Because the duration of the refractory period is approximately one milliseconds, the fastest rate of impulse propagation along a neuron is about 1,000 per second

63
Q

What is the requirement for the propagation in unmyelinated axon?

A

It requires the reproduction if the action potential at each successive axonal segment

64
Q

What is the requirement for the propagation in myelinated axon?

A

It requires reproduction of the acon potential in the nodes if ranvier: saltatory conduction

65
Q

Where does action potential transmit at?

A

It transmits to the adjacent postsynaptic neuron at the synapse

66
Q

What are the two types of synapse?

A

Gap junction and chemical

67
Q

What is the width of Gap junction?

A

3.5nm

68
Q

What is the method of transmission in the Gap junction?

A

Direct movement of ions from one cell to the other

69
Q

What is the type of messages in Gap junction?

A

Excitatory only

70
Q

What are the types of cells involved in Gap junction?

A

Requires large presynaptic neuron to influence small postsynaptic neurons

71
Q

What is the width of chemical synapse?

A

20nm

72
Q

What is the method of transmission in the Chemical synapse?

A

Release of neurochemical

73
Q

What is the type if message in the Chemical synapse?

A

Excitatory or inhibitory

74
Q

What are the types of cells involved in the Chemical synapse?

A

Small presynaptic neurons can influence large postsynaptic neruons

75
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released from in the chemical synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic cell

76
Q

Where are neurotransmitters bind to in the chemical synapse?

A

They are bind to the postsynaptic sites

77
Q

What are the two types of receptors?

A

Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors

78
Q

How does ionotropic receptors function?

A

Straightforward but are limited in terms of the response they can make, which in this case, they can only open

79
Q

How does Metatropic receptors (G-proteins) function?

A

G-proteins can actually cause a variety of effects.

  1. open and close the ion channels
  2. sometimes influencing the expression of proteins via the cell itself- resulting in a greater variety of response and justifying the much slower response of the metabotropic receptors
80
Q

What are the methods of deactivating neurochemicals

A
  1. The synaptic gap is isolated by the astrocytes - they will diffuse away and they will be re-absorbed by the astrocytes
  2. The enzymes break the neurochemicals into the component and those components will then be reabsorbed back into the presynaptic cells. In that presynaptic cell, all of the ingredients will then be released into the neurochemicals and repacked it into the vesicles
  3. The neurochemicals will simply be absorbed back into the presynaptic cells and repackaged directly into the synaptic vesicles
81
Q

What is postsynaptic potentials?

A

They are a temporary change in the electric polarisation of the membrane of a nerve cell (neuron)

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