Psychopathology Flashcards
Jahoda
Suggested if we have good mental health we follow a certain criteria: Rational, can cope w/ stress, good self-esteem, a realistic view of the world
Mowrer
Two-process model
Based on behavioural approach to phobias
Phobias acquires by classical conditioning
Maintained by operant conditioning
Watson and Rayner
Little Albert - phobia in baby
White rabbit, paired a loud noise w/ it = baby crying
repeated this found baby was scared to go near rabbit
This was generalised to other white things
Buck
Agoraphobia - Perceives the environment unsafe
they avoid phobic stimulus - stick w/ safety factor
E.g. people leave the house w/ trusted person, not by themselves
Bounton
Suggests that evolutionary factors play a role in phobias
two-factors theory does not explain this
Seligman
Adaptive to acquire such fears (snakes, the dark)
Biological preparedness - innate predisposition
Ourgrin
Compared flooding to cognitive therapies
Found: flooding more affective & quicker
.˙. patients free from phobia ASAP - cheaper
Beck
Cognitive Theory of Depression
3 parts: Faulty information processing,
Negative Self Schema.
Negative Triad
Ellis
ABC Model
Action is affected by Belief which results in a Consequence.
Irrational thoughts = interfere with being happy
Grazioli and Terry
Cognitive vulnerability/depression before and after birth
women have high cognitive vulnerability = more likely to suffer post-natal depression
Lewis
Observed OCD patients
37% had parents w/ OCD
21% had siblings w/ OCD
.˙. OCD runs in families through genetic vulnerability
Taylor
Analysed findings of other studies
Found: evidence of 230 different genes involved in OCD
Gilroy et al
Patients w/ spider phobia - Systematic Desensitisation
Control group treated w/ relaxation
Found: SD patients less fearful
Shows SD is helpful in reducing anxiety of phobia = long lasting
Cromer et al
Environmental factors
Found: half of OCD patients have had a traumatic event in the past
OCD more severe in those w/ more than 1 trauma
dysfunctional behaviour
behaviour which goes against the accepted standards of behaviour
Observer discomfort
behaviour that causes other individuals to become uncomfortable
Unpredictable behaviour
impulsive behaviour that seems to be uncontrollable
irrational behaviour
Behaviour that’s unreasonable and illogical
Personal distress
being affected by emotion to an excessive degree
six conditions associated w/ ideal mental health
positive self-attitude self actualisation resistance to stress Personal autonomy Accurate perception of ability Adaptation to the environment
Cognitive behavioural therapy Evaluation
+ve empowers patients
people less likely to relapse
good for people who put a lot of pressure on themselves
-ve time and costly
only works correctly if therapist is experienced
people feel like he or she is to blame
Behavioural therapy
+ve effective for specific phobias (systematic desensitisation
done quickly, anxiety reduced after one session
-ve ethical issues: for flooding people feel overwelmed .˙. dropout
only treats symptoms
Flooding
introduced to phobia straight away, real-life or visualise it
Systematic desensitisation
counter-conditioning, person learns to associate phobic stimulus with relaxtion
‘fear hierarchy’ paired with relaxation techniques
work their way up through events to most feared
