Attachment

Question 1

Attachment

Answer 1

a close emotional relationship between an infant and their caregiver

Question 2

Sensitive responsiveness

Answer 2

caregiver responses appropriately to signals from the infant

Question 3

Imitation

Answer 3

infant copies the caregiver’s action and behaviour

Question 4

Meltzoff and Moore

Answer 4

found infants between 2 & 3 weeks of age appeared to imitate facial expressions & hand movements of the experimenter

Question 5

Interactional synchrony

Answer 5

infants react in time with caregiver’s speech, resulting in a ‘conversation dance’

Question 6

Reciprocity

Answer 6

Interaction flows back and forth between the caregiver and infant

Question 7

asocial phase of attachment

Answer 7

0-3 months: learns to separate people from objects

doesn’t have strong attachments

Question 8

Indiscriminate attachment phase

Answer 8

6 weeks and 7 months, distinguish and recognise different people

Question 9

Discriminate attachment phase

Answer 9

7-11 months, becomes able to form a strong attachment with an individual

Question 10

Multiple attachment phase

Answer 10

9 months, can form attachments to many different people

Question 11

Schaffer and Emerson

Answer 11

60 babies - Glasgow every 4 weeks for 18 months
found: 8 months 50 babies had more than one attachment
Evaluation: small sample observer bias

Question 12

Lorenz

Answer 12

Geese: automatically attach to the first moving thing they see after hatching (imprinting)
Observed the goslings, they followed him as they normally would follow their mother

Question 13

Harlow

Answer 13

Contact comfort: source of food or comfort is frightened
cloth surrogate: comfort wire: only for food
Grew up and showed signs of social and emotional discomfort

Question 14

Bowlby (monotropy)

Answer 14

Monotropic theory

1) evolution, biological need to our main caregiver
2) We have one main attachment - biological mother provides a safe base.
3) We have an internal working model: gives us a template for future relationships
4) critical period: formed during first 3 years of life

Question 15

Secure

Answer 15

strong bond between the child and its caregiver

seperated: distressed
reunited: comforted

Question 16

Insecure-avoidiant

Answer 16

separated from caregiver

can be comforted by a stranger

Question 17

Insecure-resistant

Answer 17

child uneasy around their caregiver, upset if separated

no comfort from strangers, resisted from caregiver

Question 18

Ainsworth

Answer 18

Strange situation:
controlled observation: 12-18 month old infants left in a room w/ mother 
15% insecure avoidant 
70% secure 
15% insecure-resistant

Question 19

Van ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

Answer 19

Cross-cultural studies 
meta-analysis of 32 countries 
secure attachment most common 
western: avoidant, highest - germany 
non-western: resistent, highest - japan 
Differences in rearing children

Question 20

Grossman et al

Answer 20

claimed more ‘avoidant’ infants may be found in Germany due to the fact they value independence

Question 21

Bowlby (maternal deprivation)

Answer 21

44 juvenile thieves
17 thieves separated from mum before age of 2
14 diagnosed w/ affection less psychopathy
12/14 were separated from mum
long term consequences

Question 22

Robertson and Robertson

Answer 22

Separation study - naturalistic observation
short separation observed and filmed
john (18 months) - residential care 9 days
day 1 - protested
after day 2 - attention from other nurses
after - showed detachment
collection - resistent
short term effects

Question 23

Bowlby’s strengths and weaknesses

Answer 23

+VE: Goldfarb - orphanage children who were socially and maternally deprived were later less intellectually and socially developed

-VE: can be criticised, other factors were not considered for 44 thieves - poverty,
Goldfarb could have studied children social deprivation rather than maternal deprivation

Question 24

Skeels and Dye

Answer 24

found children who had been socially deprived during first 2 years of life quickly improved IQ scores if they were transferred to a school where they got one-to-one care

Question 25

Koluchova

Answer 25

Czech twin boys
mother died after birth
father remarried and stepmother treated them badly
locked in cellar, beaten often
found when 7, had rickets (bone development disease) & little social or intellectual development
adopted, made progress
adulthood - average intelligence & normal social relationships

Question 26

Privation

Answer 26

child has never had an attachment to its mother or caregiver

Question 27

Deprivation

Answer 27

attachment was once formed but now broken

Question 28

Rutter

Answer 28

longitudinal study of romanian orphans
111 orphans compared w/ 52 UK adoptees
assessed 4,6,11 years old
adopted at 6 months same development as UK adoptees
older than 6 months - insecure attachments & social problems UK children opposite

Question 29

Curtiss

Answer 29

Genie - never formed attachments
kept in basement in chair, never played with toys etc
discovered at 13, physically underdeveloped
spoke animal-like sounds
later could say some words but never fully had intellectual skills

Question 30

Hodges and Tizard

Answer 30

Children raised in institutions
longitudinal - 65 children placed in residential nursery before 4 months old
no chance of forming attachments
by 4 - some returned to mothers, some adopted and some stayed in nursery
adopted: strong family relationships
stayed in nursery or returned to mothers had poorer relationships

Question 31

Hazan and Shaver

Answer 31

influence of early attachments
love quiz in newspaper part 1 - attachment type w/ parents part 2 - beliefs on current romantic love
620 responses
Found: correlation between childhood attachment and future views on romantic love
secure - happy/ trustworthy relationships
avoidant - fearing intimacy
resistant - worried they weren’t loved in their relationships

Question 32

Quinton et al

Answer 32

compared 50 women had experienced institutional care w/ 50 that hadn’t
found: women who were raised in institutions more likely to have parenting difficulties
suggests cycle of privation - experienced privation = less caring parenting
.˙. deprived of strong maternal attachment