Memory

Question 1

Akinson and Shiffrin

Answer 1

Developed multi-store model of memory

Consists of sensory register, STM & LTM

Question 2

Bahrick et al

Answer 2

Found: participants were able to recognise names/faces of class mates up to 50 years go 
.˙. shows LTM is infinite

Question 3

Tulving

Answer 3

Proposed 3 types of LTM:
Episodic (recalling events)
Semantic (Knowledge of world; facts)
Procedural (memory for actions/skills)

Question 4

Baddeley and Hitch

Answer 4

Developed WMM: explained STM is organised/functions
4 Components:
Central executive (attention process, allocates slave systems)
Phonological loop (Store and articulatory process, deals w/ auditory info)
Visuo-spatial sketchpad (visual stores/spatial info)
Episodic Buffer (maintains sequences, organises info)

Question 5

Loftus and Palmer

Answer 5

Participants watched films of car accidents
Different incident, asked about the how fast the car was going “hit”, “collied”, “smashed”, “bumped”
Found: Smashed/collied = was going higher speed
.˙. Leading questions effect EWT

Question 6

Johnson and Scott

Answer 6

Participants thought they were part of a lab study 
Experienced incident 1st hand 
1st condition: man & knife 
2nd condition: man & pen 
Pen: 49% = recognise mans face 
Knife: 33% = recognise mans face 
.˙. weapon focus has an effect on EWT

Question 7

Pickel (contradicts Johnson and Scott)

Answer 7

Similar experiment but in a hair salon used: scissors, handgun, wallet and raw chicken
Results: accuracy poorer w/ handgun and raw chicken
due to unusualness of the object rather than anxiety of weapon itself

Question 8

Sensory Register

Answer 8

Consists of several sensory stores
each holding information very briefly when stimuli is presented.
Each register has limited capacity

Question 9

Episodic Memory

Answer 9

long-term memory store for personal events

Question 10

Semantic Memory

Answer 10

long-term memory store for our knowledge of the world

Question 11

Procedural Memory

Answer 11

long-term memory store for our knowledge of how to do things

Question 12

Working memory model

Answer 12

representation of short-term memory. suggests STM is a dynamic processor for diff types of info

Question 13

Central executive

Answer 13

co-ordinates activities of the three subsystems in memory

Question 14

Phonological loop

Answer 14

processes info in terms of sound

Question 15

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Answer 15

processes visual and spatial info in mental space called ‘inner eye’

Question 16

Episodic buffer

Answer 16

brings together material from other subsystems into a single memory. bridge between WMM and LTM

Question 17

Interference

Answer 17

forgetting because one memory blocks another, causing one or both memories to be distorted or forgotten

Question 18

Proactive interference

Answer 18

forgetting occurs when older memories, already stored, disrupt the recall of newer memories

Question 19

Retroactive interference

Answer 19

forgetting occurs when newer memories disrupt the recall of older memories already stored

Question 20

Retrieval failure

Answer 20

a form of forgetting. Occurs when we don’t have the necessary cues to access the memory