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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Biological approaches to OCD.

What does the basal ganglia control?

A

Emotion and habit type behaviour.

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2
Q

What are the three assumed causes of OCD?

A

Neural abnormalities in the structure or function of the brain.
Genes
Could be an illness

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3
Q

When discussing OCD, what are obsessions?

A

Persistent, intrusive thoughts that then person finds extremely unpleasant and upsetting, about topics the person finds repugnant.

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4
Q

When discussing OCD, what is the definition of compulsions?

A

Repetitive irresistible urge to perform a behaviour, the experience of loss of voluntary control over this intense urge, and a tendency to perform repetitive acts in a habitual or stereotyped manner.

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5
Q

What does the orbitio-frontal cortex do?

A

Processes sensory information to identify threat.

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6
Q

What did Baxter (1992) theorise about the loop in the brain and how it’s linked to OCD?

A

It may be overactive despite sensory information telling the brain there is no longer a threat.

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7
Q

What did Baxter (1992) theorise about the direct pathway in the brain that inhibits compulsive behaviours in response to concerns?

A

That it is overactive, so compulsive behaviours become more repetitive.

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8
Q

Who developed the 6 factors which define ideal mental health?

A

Marie Jahoda

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9
Q

What are the 6 factors which define ideal mental health?

A

1) Positive attitudes towards yourself
2) Accurate perception of reality
3) Resistance to stress
4) Autonomy
5) Mastery of the environment
6) Self-actualisation

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10
Q

What are the 4 definitions of abnormality?

A

Statistical infrequency
Deviation from social norms
Failure to function adequately
Deviation from ideal mental health

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11
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

A

Behaviour that is statistically infrequent or very rarely seen in the general population.

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12
Q

What are the criticisms of the statistical infrequency definition?

A
  • Does not distinguish between the characteristics are desirable and undesirable.
  • Some disorders are quite frequent.
  • Doesn’t take into account the severity or impact of the condition.
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13
Q

What are the advantages of the statistical infrequency definition?

A
  • Very objective, so less open to subjective judgements.

- Lets us see how common conditions are as to reduce stigmas with them.

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14
Q

What is the deviation from social norms definition of abnormality?

A

Behaviour that is seen as socially unacceptable or undesirable within society may be seen as abnormal.

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15
Q

Give an example of the deviation from social norms definition.

A

Laughing at a funeral

Acting childish at middle age

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16
Q

What are the criticisms of the deviation from social norms definition?

A
  • Can lead to social control and persecution (homophobia)
  • Most people with mental disorders do not deviate from social norms.
  • May result in ethnocentric biases resulting in over diagnosis of certain illnesses in certain ethnic groups.
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17
Q

What are the advantages of the deviation from social norms definition?

A
  • Can protect society from unacceptable or offensive behaviour.
  • Odd behaviour brings a persons mental illness to the attention of others so they receive treatment.
  • Allows social context to be taken into account.
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18
Q

What is the failure to function adequately definition of abnormality?

A

Behaviour that means the person is unable to engage or cope with the activities in normal day to day life is deemed as abnormal.

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19
Q

What is a persons level of functioning assessed using?

A

1-100 Global Functioning scale (GAF)

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20
Q

What are the criticisms of the failure to function adequately definition?

A
  • Many people with mental disorders are able to function well.
  • People who don’t function properly may not be ill (e.g. Grief)
  • Deciding what is and isn’t adequate functioning is subjective and requires a value judgement.
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21
Q

What are the advantages of the failure to function adequately definition?

A
  • Most people seek treatment when their condition begins to affect their life.
  • Allows severity of abnormal behaviour to be assessed by establishing the extent to which the person’s life is affected using a scale.
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22
Q

What is the deviation from ideal mental health definition of abnormality?

A

When someone does not meet a set of criteria for mental well being.

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23
Q

What are the criticisms of the deviation from ideal mental health definition?

A
  • No one meets all 6 criteria.
  • Some of the criteria are not valued in all cultures.
  • It’s difficult to objectively assess people on all six criteria.
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24
Q

What are the advantages of the deviation from ideal mental health definition?

A
  • Criteria does outline what individuals and societies should be aiming for in terms of maximising people’s mental well being.
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25
Q

What are the 6 factors for ideal mental health?

A 
Positive attitudes to self
Understanding reality
Resistance to periods of stress
Autonomy
Mastery of your life
Self-actualisation
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26
Q

What are the three types of phobia?

A

Specific
Social
Agoraphobia

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27
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of phobia?

A

People experience intense fear or feeling of panic which is out of proportion to the danger posed.

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28
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of phbia?

A

Person will go to great lengths to avoid phobia.

Will show signs of fear if they can’t escape.

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29
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of phobias?

A

Person may show distorted thinking about the phobic stimulus

Person is aware that their fear is irrational

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30
Q

What’s unipolar depression?

A

Depressed mood most or all day and a diminished interest in or pleasure of activities.
5 keys symptoms must be experienced every day for 2 weeks before a diagnosis can be considered.

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31
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of depression?

A

Low mood of feelings of hopelessness

Irritability

32
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of depression?

A

Lack of energy and being inactive
Sleep problems
Changed in appetite

33
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of depression?

A

Distorted negative thinking
Thoughts of death
Poor concentration and memory

34
Q

What’s bipolar depression?

A

When a person experiences periods of depressed mood as well as phases of mania where the person may show symptoms like
Excessively high or elated mood
Delusions
Risk taking behaviour

35
Q

What is OCD?

A

Anxiety disorder where the person experiences intrusive, persistent thoughts on things they found very upsetting and unpleasant.
They may also experience uncontrollable urges to engage in certain behaviours to try and stop the thoughts or prevent the feared event.
They recognise the fears are irrational but still experience intense distress which affects their day-to-day functioning.

36
Q

What are the emotional symptoms of OCD?

A

Intense anxiety when intrusive thoughts occur or if prevented from carrying out compulsions.
May feel guilt or disgust at their obsessions.

37
Q

What are the behavioural symptoms of OCD?

A

Time spent of compulsions have affect a person’s functioning and relationships.
People go to great lengths to avoid the triggers.

38
Q

What are the cognitive symptoms of OCD?

A

Repetitive and intrusive thoughts.

Realisations that the obsessions are irrational.

39
Q

What’s the behavioural explanation of phobias?

A

Phobias are learned due to classical conditioning but can be unlearned by behavioural therapies.

40
Q

Who developed the two process model for learning phobias?

A

Mowrer (1947)

41
Q

What does Mowrer’s (1947) two process model suggest about the role of operant conditioning in the development of phobias?

A

Suggests that phobias are negatively reinforced by avoiding/escaping phobia.

42
Q

What is stimulus generalisation in relation to phobias?

A

When the fear is generalised to other situations or objects similar to the one that created the fear.

43
Q

What is vicarious learning in relation to phobias?

A

When someone develops a phobias by observing someone else experiencing intense fear.

44
Q

What information provides evidence for the role of classical conditioning in phobias?

A
  • Watson and Rayner (1970)
  • People with phobias often remember a traumatic event.
  • 50% of people with driving phobia recall a traumatic driving incident.
45
Q

Which study provides evidence for the role of operant conditioning in phobias?

A

Mowrer’s (1960) study where he conditioned rats.

46
Q

What are the strengths of the behavioural explanation of phobias?

A
  • Considerable evidence supporting the explanation in humans and animals.
  • The impact of the theory of treatments.
  • High face validity, as many people with phobias do recall a related traumatic event.
47
Q

What are the weakness of the behavioural explanation of phobias?

A
  • Many people have frightening events but don’t develop a phobia.
  • Some people w/ phobias don’t recall a traumatic event linked to it.
  • The explanation does not take into account the influence of our cogntiions on phobias.
  • Doesn’t explain why some phobias are more common than others.
48
Q

Which study supports the idea that humans and animals are biologically prepared to fear objects that may have been dangerous to our ancestors?

A

Cook and Mineka (1989)

49
Q

Who developed systematic desensitisation?

A

Wolpe (1968)

50
Q

What are six steps to systematic desensitisation?

A

1) Patient trained in deep muscle relaxation.
2) Fear hierarchy created by patient and therapist.
3) Patient gets into relaxed state.
4) Asked to encounter or imagine first step until they feel no more fear.
5) Move to next step on hierarchy and real life exposure.
6) Patient given ‘homework’

51
Q

Which studies support systematic desensitisation?

A

Gilroy’s (2000) study.

Branson and Thorpe’s (2006) study on technophobia.

52
Q

Evaluate the effectiveness of systematic desensitisation.

A
  • Acceptable to patients
  • More appropriate for children and people with disabilities
  • Time consuming
53
Q

What is flooding?

A

Going to the top of someone’s fear hierarchy and exposing them to the thing they are most afraid of for a prolonged period of time.

54
Q

What evidence is there for the effectiveness of flooding?

A

Wolpe (1960) - conducted a case study of a girl with an intense driving phobia.
Teasdale (1977) - reviewed evidence for the effectiveness of flooding and found the evidence was rather mixed.
Barlow (2000) found that if a patient is willing to undergo flooding, then it’s often just as effective as systematic desensitisation.

55
Q

Evaluate the appropriateness of flooding.

A
  • Can be a rapid and effective treatment if the patient is willing.
  • Ethical issues raised if the patient finds it very distressing, so only suitable for those who are able to give fully informed consent.
  • Not appropriate for people with social phobias.
56
Q

Which studies support the effectiveness of flooding?

A

Wolpe (1960) - girl with driving phobia
Teasdale (1977) - reviewed multiple studies
Barlow (2002) - found flood can be just as effective as systematic desensitisation.

57
Q

Which studies give evidence for the effectiveness of CBT for depression?

A

Hollon et al (2005) - investigated long term effect of CBT against medication.
Craighead and Dunlop (2014) - meta-analysis of treatment trials.

58
Q

Which study supports memory bias?

A

Clark and Teasdale’s (1985) study

59
Q

Which study provides evidence that negative thinking increases vulnerability to depression?

A

Lewinsohn’s (2001) study.

60
Q

Which study provides evidence for the role of genes in OCD?

A

Nestadt et Al (2010)

Van Grootheest et Al (2005)

61
Q

Which study provides evidence for the effectiveness of SSRI’s?

A

Soomro et Al (2008)

62
Q

Which studies provide evidence for abnormalities for activity in the basal ganglia?

A

Polak et Al (2012)

Damian Denys

63
Q

Which study provides evidence for the effectiveness of combining SSRI’s with other medication?

A

Koran et Al (2006)

64
Q

Which study provides evidence for the effectiveness of systematic desensitisation?

A

Gilroy’s (2000)

65
Q

Which study provides evidence suggesting humans Nd other animals may be biologically prepared to fear objects that may have been dangerous to our ancestors?

A

Cook and Mineka (1989)

66
Q

Which study provides evidence supporting the role of classical conditioning in learning phobias?

A

Watson and Rayner (1970)

67
Q

What is the cognitive approach to depression?

A

Argues that depression is due to faulty thinking and irrational beliefs so it can be treated can challenging someone’s thinking.

68
Q

What is Ellis’s ABC model?

A

A - Adverse event
B - Beliefs
C - Consequences

69
Q

What ideas of the cognitive approach to depression did Beck develop?

A

Negative schema
Cognitive errors
Biased memories

70
Q

What are the 3 negative areas of schema according to Beck?

A

Self
World
Future

71
Q

What are the 3 types of cognitive errors according to Beck?

A

Catastrophising
Applying a negative filter
Misinterpreting positive events in a negative way

72
Q

What’s a weakness with the cognitive approach to depression?

A

Some people don’t have irrational thoughts, they are realistic, their thinking is not distorted.

73
Q

What’s a strength of the cognitive approach to depression?

A

Approach has led to cognitive behaviour therapy which is used to treat depression.

74
Q

What are the steps in CBT?

A

Identify the distorted thinking.

Challenge the distorted thinking.

75
Q

In terms of appropriateness, what are the strengths of CBT for depression?

A
  • Straight forward, sensible and acceptable

- No too time consuming as other treatments

76
Q

In terms of appropriateness, what are the weaknesses of CBT for depression?

A
  • Some people have realistically difficult lives and altering their thinking would fix it.
  • CBT may not be people with poor verbal skills.
  • May not be suitable for patients with very severe depression
  • Can give the patients the impression that they’re to blame.

Psychology (8 decks)

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