Psychopathology

Question 1

ICD

Answer 1

International Classifications of disorders (NHS uses this)

Question 2

DSM

Answer 2

Diagnostic Statistical Manual (recently updated DSM V)

Question 3

Statistical rarity

Answer 3

Deviation from social norms

Question 4

Psychological abnormality

Answer 4

Statistical rarity

Deviation from social norms

Socially deviant

Impaired functioning

Deviation from ideal mental health

Question 5

Dysfunction

Answer 5

Affects social and work roles

Loss of control; irrational

Observer discomfort

Unable to seek help

Question 6

Jahoda’s criteria for Ideal Mental Health

Answer 6

1. Positive attitudes to self; self-identity
2. Self-actualisation
3. Resistance to stress
4. Personal autonomy
5. Accurate perception of reality
6. Ability to adapt to the environment
   * *few people match all 6 criteria though and it’s also culturally specific

Question 7

Abnormal

Answer 7

A deviation from social norms, failure to function adequately, personal distress, and observable symptoms (cognitive, emotional or behavioural) in processes (psychological, biological, developmental) that underlie mental functioning

Question 8

Disorder (defined in DSM & ICD)

Answer 8

Clinically significant behaviour or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and is associated with distress or impairment, or with a significantly increased risk of suffering pain, death, disability, or an important loss of freedom

Syndrome or pattern must not be merely an acceptable and culturally sanctioned response to an event

Question 9

Purposes of diagnosis

Answer 9

Puts a name to things and simplies what you’re looking at

Facilitates research -> effective treatments

Public awareness (can increase/decrease stimatisation)

Question 10

Schizophrenia

Answer 10

Rosenhan, 1973 - part 1: pseudopatient study, part 2: non-existen imposter experiment

Led to changes to DSM

Must include 2 of:
delusions
hallucinations
incoherence
catatonic behaviour
flat or inapporpriate affect

Question 11

Preparedness

Answer 11

Seligman, 1971

We are evolutionarily pre-programmed to fear environmental threats that are related to survival. Thus, we do not need to identify clear-cut learning situations.

Question 12

Beck’s Cognitive Model

Answer 12

Negative schemata - see world in negative ways

Cognitive biases - i.e. arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, catastrophising, minimisation, etc

Question 13

Cognitive Model Treatments

Answer 13

Treatments is aimed at correcting these negative schemata and replacing them with more realistic cognitions based on evidence.

Client is helped to identify and confront their negative and unrealistic thoughts

Goal setting, reality testing (CBT)