Psychopathology

Question 1

Mental Disorder

Answer 1

any behavior or emotional state that causes distress or suffering, is maladaptive and disturbs relationships and the greater community

Question 2

Legal Standards

Answer 2

whether or not a person is in control of behavior and aware of the consequences of his/her actions

Question 3

DSM-IV-TR

Answer 3

Standard reference book for all disorders most recently replaced by the DSM 5

Question 4

5 axes or dimensions

Answer 4

Primary Clinical Problem
Personality Disorders
Medical Conditions relevant to disorder
Social and environmental problems
Global Assessment of Functioning

Question 5

problems with DSM Classifications

Answer 5

The danger of over diagnosis
The power of diagnostic labels
Many of the symptoms are based on subjective not objective measures
Some categories have political/social/cultural implications

Question 6

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Answer 6

replaced different categories, including Pervasive Developmental Disorder and Asperger’s

Question 7

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 7

considered its own category instead of in the mood disorders

Question 8

OCD and PTSD

Answer 8

are no longer considered anxiety disorders although anxiety is part of the symptom picture

Question 9

Bereavement

Answer 9

can be included as a stressor for Major Depressive Disorder

Question 10

Autism

Answer 10

impairment in communication skills
impairment in social interactions
restrictive repertoire of activities or interests, repetitive behaviors

Question 11

ADHD

Answer 11

Inattention, impulsivity and/or hyperactivity which is inappropriate for a child’s particular developmental age

Diagnosed as combined presentation, predominantly inattentive or predominately hyperactive/impulsive presentation

Genetic link/runs in families

Multimodal treatment approach: drugs and behavioral interventions

Question 12

Gender-Related Diagnostic Issues and ADHD

Answer 12

“ADHD is more frequent in males than in females in the general population, with a ratio of approximately 2:1 in children (Polanczyk et al. 2007)… Females are more likely than males to present primarily with inattentive features.” (DSM 5, 2013)

Question 13

Conduct Disorder

Answer 13

Violate social norms
Physical aggression 
Cruelty to animals
Lack remorse
May be a precursor to to antisocial personality

Question 14

Tourrettes

Answer 14

Multiple motor and one or more vocal tics
Occur many times a day nearly every day or intermittently over a period of more than 1 year
Onset before age 18
Does NOT need to interfere with functioningfor diagnosis

Question 15

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Answer 15

continuous feelings of worry, anxiety
    dread/foreboding
Restlessness
Difficulty concentrating
Irritability
Muscle tension
Sleep disturbance

Question 16

Panic Disorder

Answer 16

Recurring attack of intense fear or panic accompanied by feelings of impending doom or death
Symptoms include: trembling, shaking, dizziness, chest pain, sweating, heart palpitations, hot/cold flashes, sense of losing control

Question 17

Social Phobia

Answer 17

fear being in a situation where a person will be observed by others

Question 18

Agoraphobia

Answer 18

fear of being alone in public places from which escape might be difficult or help will be unavailable; at its worst one doesn’t leave his/her home

Question 19

Brontophobia

Answer 19

fear of thunder and lightning

Question 20

arachibutyrophobics

Answer 20

fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of mouth

Question 21

Sesquipedalophobics

Answer 21

fear of long words

Question 22

Peladophobia

Answer 22

fear of bald people

Question 23

Obsession

Answer 23

a recurrent, persistent and unwished for thought

Question 24

Compulsion

Answer 24

repetitive ritualized behavior in which people feel a lack of control over it.

Question 25

Compulsive Hoarding disorder

Answer 25

Acquiring items with no use Failing to discard items with no/little value Interferes with normal living space/functioning

Question 26

PTSD

Answer 26

Anxiety resulting from a clear/predictable danger or event Reliving trauma in thoughts or dreams Psychic numbing: “Walking through water” Increased physiological arousal

Question 27

Depression

Answer 27

Sadness, lethargy, inactivity and feelings of helplessness and hopelessness Genetic link Behavioral changes: slower motor reactions Cognitive changes: cognitive distortions Physical changes: alters immune functioning

Question 28

Bi-polar disorder

Answer 28

Cycle through depression and mania At least one manic episode with history of depression Responsive to lithium and other mood stabilizers Problem with compliance: miss the high Can be adaptive, healthy and contributing members of society

Question 29

Mania

Answer 29

``` Abnormally high level of energy Great/special plans Faulty thinking Impulsive behavior Grandiose schemes Pressured speech Spending large amounts of money Outbursts of anger ```

Question 30

Somatization disorder

Answer 30

history of diverse physical complaints which are psychological in origin; you cannot find any organic reasons

Question 31

hypochondriasis

Answer 31

excessive preoccupation with health concerns/worry about developing illnesses; hypochondriac, ex) worry about what COULD be with stomach bug maybe being Ebola *anxiety interferes significantly with life

Question 32

Conversion Disorder

Answer 32

loss of physical function with no organic basis, usually a specific area or system affected

Question 33

Personality Disorder

Answer 33

rigid, maladaptive traits that cause great distress or lead to an inability to get along with others, or to function well in the world Pattern is inflexible, pervasive and of long duration Some question the validity of the category. Clusters identified in your text: ***Odd/eccentric: paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal **Dramatic/Erratic: antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic *Anxious/Inhibited: ocpd, dependent, avoidant

Question 34

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Answer 34

``` Suspicious Argumentative Reluctant to confide in others because of fears information will be “used against” him/her Looking out for trickery Blame others and bears grudges ```

Question 35

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Answer 35

Have very few if any friends or family relationships Loner, choosing solitary activities Indifferent to praise or criticism Shows no warm or tender feelings to other people

Question 36

Schizotypal

Answer 36

Bizarre or odd patterns in behavior Odd beliefs or magical thinking/superstitious that influences behavior; this is NOT psychotic or OCD Uses unusual words (vague, metaphorical) Inappropriate or constricted affect

Question 37

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Answer 37

``` Likes to break rules/laws Deceitful; like to scam Gladly take advantage of people; “Her loss is my gain!” Lacks remorse Can appear charming/friendly Often intelligent History of conduct disorder ```

Question 38

Borderline Personality Disorder

Answer 38

``` Manipulative Stable pattern of unstable relationships Frantic efforts to avoid “abandonment” Splitting: all good or bad Self-mutilating behaviors; maladaptive coping strategy Impulsivity Sexual promiscuity Quick to anger ```

Question 39

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Answer 39

``` Overly dramatic Everything is a trauma Attention seekers Seductive Not genuine Dependent on others ```

Question 40

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Answer 40

``` Feelings of grandiosity Sense of privilege Feels special Expect favors from others Lacks empathy ```

Question 41

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Answer 41

Preoccupied with details that major point of activity is lost Perfectionist to the point that task completion can be difficult Rules are essential Particular Serious and formal Work gives pleasure Reluctant to work with others unless they submit to doing things “exactly” his/her way

Question 42

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Answer 42

Excessively sensitive to rejection Fearful of humiliation or shame Socially withdrawn Wishes to be accepted by others but avoids opportunities based on anxiety and fear of rejection or ridicule Views self as socially inept, personally unappealing or inferior to others

Question 43

Dependent Personality Disorder

Answer 43

Submissive and clinging behavior Excessive need to be taken care of Difficulty making decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others Has difficulty expressing disagreement with others because of fear of loss of support or approval Feels helpless when alone and goes to great lengths to get nurturance from others

Question 44

Schizophrenia

Answer 44

psychosis or condition involving distorted perceptions of reality and an inability to function in most aspects of life Typical age of onset: 17-25 Strong genetic component; neurodevelopmental and social/emotional challenges

Question 45

Positive Symptoms

Answer 45

Bizarre delusions = false belief Hallucinations = sensory distortion; seeing/hearing/tasting things that are not there Heightened Sensory Awareness Disorganized incoherent speech and behavior Video of Charles Manson speaking unintelligibly and then deteriorating into not making sense

Question 46

Negative Symptoms

Answer 46

Poverty of speech; language is not as enriched Emotional flatness Loss of motivation Social withdrawal Apathy Impaired attention: inability to think clearly, IQ is not as realized

Question 47

Dissociative Disorders

Answer 47

consciousness, behavior and identity are split off | May develop in response to traumatic events

Question 48

Amnesia

Answer 48

inability to remember important personal information; cannot be explained by ordinary forgetfulness

Question 49

Fugue State

Answer 49

no concept of self/can take on a whole new identity in life – ex) people showing up in hospital emergency room that do not know who they were/what happened, Missing Person on Internet

Question 50

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Answer 50

(multiple personality disorder) The appearance of 2 or more distinct identities within one person At least two recurrently take control over behavior Inability to recall important information Controversial in the field of psychology