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PSYCHOLOGY > psychopathology > Flashcards

psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

the four district distributions of abnormality

A

statistical infrequency
deviation from social norms
failure to function adequately
deviation from mental health

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2
Q

what is statistical infrequency

A

people considered as abnormal according to statistically rare behaviour

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3
Q

in statistical infrequency, how is it determined who is statistically rare

A

normal distribution (probability distribution that appears as a bell curve when plotted on a graph)

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4
Q

IQ level seen as abnormal

A

IQ below 70
can receive diagnosis of a psychological disorder - intellectual disability disorder

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5
Q

what is deviation from social norms

A

society has unwritten rules that we refer to as ‘norms’ any variation from these is seen as abnormal

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6
Q

two types of behaviour in deviation from social norms

A

desirable and undesirable behaviour
those with undesirable as seen as social deviants and therefore abnormal

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7
Q

issues with deviation from social norms

A

subjective - relies on interpretation
can cause people distress if they are told they are abnormal
labelling - discrimination and prejudice
ethics - assumes everyone should fit the ‘mould’

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8
Q

what is failure to function adequately

A

cant cope with everyday life which causes stress
due to features such as unpredictability, personal distress, irrationality etc

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9
Q

signs of failure to function adequately

A

no longer conforming to standard rules
severe emotional distress
behaviour becomes irrational

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10
Q

what is deviation from ideal mental health

A

have an idea of what a psychologically healthy person looks like and anything different is abnormal

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11
Q

who came up with the 6 characteristics from ideal mental health and what are they

A

Jahoda

Self actualisation
Personal autonomy
Positive attitudes towards self
Environmental mastery
Accurate perception of reality
Resistance to stress

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12
Q

2 treatments for phobias

A

flooding
systemic desensitisation

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13
Q

what is systemic desensitisation

A

behavioural therapy designed to reduce phobic anxiety through classical conditioning
new response to phobia created through counterconditioning

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14
Q

what is involved in systemic desensitisation

A

relaxation techniques
anxiety hierarchy
exposure over many weeks

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15
Q

what does flooding hope to teach the patient

A

confronts patients with their fears and experience no harm or negative outcomes when faced with their fears, so breaks association quickly

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16
Q

what is extinction in flooding

A

fully removing the fear from the patient

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17
Q

ethical issues with flooding

A

can be dangerous - anxiety can increase to a high degree
some people might increase fear after therapy
could experience psychological harm
no right to withdraw
could physically harm themselves
hard to fully get informed consent

18
Q

similarities of flooding and systemic desensitisation

A

both treat phobias
create new associations with the phobia
based on psychological theory - mainly classical conditioning

19
Q

differences between flooding and systemic desensitisation

A

flooding much quicker
SD more ethical
SD more holistic
SD more client controlled
more likely to get psychologically harmed with flooding

20
Q

characteristics of OCD

A

obsessive thoughts
anxiety + distress
compulsions
temporary relief

21
Q

major feature of OCD for most patients

A

obsessive thoughts - aways unpleasant thoughts that are recurrent, intrusive thoughts, images, urges or impulses

22
Q

what are compulsions in OCD and what comes after them

A

repetitive behaviours performed to reduce the fear and anxiety caused by intrusive thoughts and obsession
after there is some temporary relief, however obsessions quick to return

23
Q

3 biological explanations of OCD

A

brain structure
neurotransmitters
genetic explanations

24
Q

part of the brain involved in OCD

A

orbiofrontal corte
thalamus
caudate nucleus
cingulate gyrus

OFC sends signals to thalamus via caudate nucleus about worries

25
Q

what does the caudate nucleus do and what happens when it is damaged

A

surpasses/ regulate signals from OFC
when damaged it fails to suppress ‘worry’ signals and thalamus is alerted which confirms worry signals back to OFC
increases compulsions and anxiety

26
Q

what neurotransmitter is linked to OCD

A

serotonin

27
Q

serotonin levels in people with OCD and what this does

A

low levels are found in people with OCD
normally sends mood-relevant information, when this doesn’t happen mood and mental processes can be affected
may lead to abnormal functioning in areas of brain involved in OCD

28
Q

treatment for OCD in relation to serotonin

A

SSRI’s
type of drug that increases levels of serotonin in the brain
people who take them show a reduction of OCD symptoms

29
Q

genetic explanation of OCD

A

it tends to run in families
suggests genetic link
support of this - family and twin studies

30
Q

problem with genetic explanation of OCD

A

we cant be sure exactly what is being inherited by the genes as no specific gene has been found

31
Q

what is the diathesis stress model

A

suggests that certain genes leave some people more likely to suffer from OCD there is genetic vulnerability that is inherited and if someone with it experiences environmental stress they will develop OCD - helps understand environmental factors

32
Q

treatments for OCD

A

(only used if CBT doesn’t work)
antidepressants
SNRI’s
Benzodiazepines

33
Q

two components of CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy)

A

behavioural
cognitive

34
Q

symptoms of depression

A

sleep too much/ little
eat too much/ little
self harm/ thoughts
loss if interest/ pleasure
low mood
thoughts/ attempts of suicide

35
Q

categories in the DSM -5

A

major depressive disorder
persistent depressive disorder
disruptive modd dysregulation disorder
premenstrual dysphoric disorder

36
Q

behavioural aspects of depression

A

loss of appetite
loss of interest
trying to look happy
saying/ doing negative things
irritable
substance usage

37
Q

emotional aspects of depression

A

cant concentrate
feeling older
loss of confidence
fear of being found out and shamed
feeling isolated

38
Q

cognitive aspects of depression

A

negative thinking
lack of memory

39
Q

according to the cognitive approach, what do individuals with mental disorders suffer from

A

distorted and irrational thinking
may cause maladaptive behaviour

40
Q

what did becks cognitive theory consist of

A

cognitive triad

  1. negative self -schemes
  2. faulty information processes
  3. negative triad
41
Q

five cognitive biases

A

overgeneralisation
personalisation
selective abstraction
magnification
minimisation

42
Q

Ellis’s ABC model

A

A - activating event
B - belief
C - consequences

PSYCHOLOGY (9 decks)

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