Psychopathology

Question 1

what are the 4 definitions of abnormality

Answer 1

statistical infrequency, deviation of social norms, deviation from ideal mental health, failure to function

Question 2

what is statistical infrequency

Answer 2

abnormal behavior is that statically rare/uncommon
abnormality is determined by looking at the distribution of a behavior in a society`

Question 3

an example of statistical infrequency

Answer 3

IQ and Intellectual disability disorder
- average IQ=100
- 68% have a score in the range of 85-115
- only 2% score below 70 - abnormal and liable to receive the diagnosis of IDD

Question 4

strength for statistical infrequency and the example

Answer 4

real-world application= used in a clinical practice as part of formal diagnosis and assessing severity of symptoms

Question 5

weakness for the statistical infrequency and for the example of IQ

Answer 5

unusual characteristics can be positive -e.g. having low depression score `

Question 6

what is failure to function adequately

Answer 6

occurs when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of day-to-day living

Question 7

who proposed signs of knowing when someone isn’t coping

Answer 7

Rosenhan and seligman

Question 8

strength for the failure to function adequately

Answer 8

it represents a threshold for help- when we cease to form adequately we may seek professional help or notice and referred help by others

Question 9

weakness for the failure to function adequately

Answer 9

discrimination and social control- easy to label non-standard lifestyles as abnormal

Question 10

what is deviation in ideal mental health

Answer 10

occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health

Question 11

what are Jahoda’s ways of knowing if people have good mental health

Answer 11

if we….
- have no symptoms or distress
- good self-esteem
- realistic view of the world
- independence

Question 12

strength for deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 12

comprehensive definition provides a checklist and large range of criteria

Question 13

weakness for deviation from ideal mental health

Answer 13

different elements not equally applicable to all cultures

Question 14

what is the deviation from social norms

Answer 14

concerns behaviors that is different from the accepted standards of behavior in a community or society

Question 15

what is the antisocial personality disorder

Answer 15

a person with this disorder is impulsive, aggressive, and irresponsible.

Question 16

strengths towards the deviation from social norms

Answer 16

real world application- used in a clinical practise

Question 17

weakness towards the deviation from social norms

Answer 17

cultural and situational relativism- different cultured groups have different views on abnormal behavior

Question 18

what are the DSM-5 categories of phobias- name the 3

Answer 18

1) specific phobia (an object/situation)
2) social anxiety
3) agoraphobia (phobia of being outside)

Question 19

what are the 3 types of characteristics found within phobias

Answer 19

behavioral, environmental and cognitive

Question 20

what are the behavioral characteristics in phobias/ how do they act

Answer 20

they panic, avoid and endurance

Question 21

what are the emotional characteristics in phobias

Answer 21

they suffer from anxiety, fear, unreasonable emotional responses

Question 22

what are the cognitive characteristics in phobias

Answer 22

selective attention, irrational beliefs and cognitive distortions

Question 23

what is the systematic desensitization - linking it into behavioral approach of explaining phobias

Answer 23

the behavioral therapy designed to reduce an unwanted response, such as anxiety
- it aims to gradually reduce phobic anxiety through classical conditioning and creating new counter responses

Question 24

what is the anxiety hierarchy

Answer 24

a way that was put together by clients and the therapists. A list in order from least to most frightening

Question 25

what is reciprocal inhibition

Answer 25

the impossible that to be afraid and relaxed at the same time so one emotion prevent the other

Question 26

what is exposure

Answer 26

the clients are exposed to public stimuli while in a relaxed state. takes place across several sessions

Question 27

a strength within the behavioural approach to explaining phobias

Answer 27

evidence for effectiveness- SD is likely to be helpful for people with phobias as it's effective for specific phobia, social phobia and agrophobia

Question 28

another strength within the behavioural approach to explaining phobias

Answer 28

SD can be treat people with learning disabilities - people may become confused and distressed by the traumatic experience of flooding so SD is appropiate

Question 29

who proposed the Two process model within the behaviourist approach of explaining phobias

Answer 29

Mowrer 1960

Question 30

what does the two process model state

Answer 30

states that phobias are required by classical conditioning and then continue because of operant conditioning

Question 31

Acquisition by classical conditioning- Watson and Rayner 1920

Answer 31

-'little albert' - created a phobia in a 9 month old baby, initially wasn't afraid of the rat but after after they made a loud sound with a rod near his ear when he was given the rat, he became scared

Question 32

what was the maintenance by operant conditioning

Answer 32

behaviour is reinforced or punished, reinforcement increases frequency of behaviour - true for both + and - reinforcements

Question 33

a strength within the behavioural approach to explaining phobias

Answer 33

real world applications in exposure therapies

Question 34

another strength within the behavioural approach explaining phobias

Answer 34

evidence linking between bad experiences and phobias- 73% of people with a fear of the dentist had experienced a traumatic experience usually involving dentistry

Question 35

a limitation within the behavioural approach explaining phobias

Answer 35

the two process model doesn't account for the cognitive aspects of phobias

Question 36

what is flooding within the behavioural approach treating phobias

Answer 36

its a behavioural therapy that people with a phobia is exposed to an extreme form of a phobia stimulus in order to reduce anxiety triggered by a stimuli

Question 37

why does flooding stop phobic responses quickly

Answer 37

as without the option of avoidance behaviour the client quickly last that phobic stimuli is harmless- called extinction