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psychology paper 1 > Attachments > Flashcards

Attachments Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 stages of Schaffer’s stages of stages

A

asocial, indiscriminate attachment, specific attachment, and multiple attachment

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2
Q

what is the asocial stage

A

is the first few weeks, has the same response to humans as well as objects

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3
Q

what is the discriminate attachment stage

A

from 2-7 months, preference for (familiar) people, no stranger/ separation anxiety

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4
Q

what is the specific attachment

A

stranger and separation anxiety in regard to one particular adult= primary attachment figure (65% were mother)

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5
Q

what is the Multiple attachment

A

soon after attachment behavior directed towards more than one adult (secondary attachment)

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6
Q

what was Schaffer’s and Emerson’s research- procedure

A

mothers of 60 working class Glasgow babies reported monthly on separation and stranger anxiety

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7
Q

Schaffer and Emerson’s research- findings

A

babies’ attachment behavior is progressed as detailed in Schaffer and Emerson’s stage theory

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8
Q

poor evidence for the asocial stage

A

babies have poor co-ordination, so just may seem asocial

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9
Q

evaluation for Schaffer and Emerson’s research

A

good external validity-
mothers did the observing, so the babies did not stressed by being observed
counterpoint-
mothers might not have accurately noted behaviour

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10
Q

the strange situation procedure

A

a 7 stage controlled observation
assesses proximity-seeking, exploration and secure base, stranger and separation anxiety, response to reunion

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11
Q

findings of the strange situations

A

babies shows consistent patterns of attachment behaviour

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12
Q

what the different types of attachments

A

secure, avoidant, resistant

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13
Q

in the strange situation how are the different types of attachment been found in the research

A

secure- enthusiastic greeting, generally content, moderate anxiety
avoidant- avoids reunion, generally reduced responses
Resistant- resists reunion, generally more distressed

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14
Q

strength for the strange situation

A

good predictive validity- attachment types predict later social behavior e.g. school success

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15
Q

weakness for the strange situation

A

the test may be culture-bound- strange situation developed in Britain and US, other cultures have different experiences that affect behavior in the strange situation i.e. in Japan, Takahashi

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16
Q

what is the role of the father- the attachment

A

father is a primary attachment object in just 3% of the time, secondary attachment formed within 18 months (75%)

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17
Q

what is the distinctive role for the father

A
  • the attachment between mother and baby more crucial in later teen-attachment
  • however, quality of fathers play with babies links into later attachment
  • fathers can be primary attachment figure: adopt behavior typical of the mothers
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18
Q

evaluation points for the role of the father- limitations

A

-research confusion, researchers address different issues on father roles
-conflicting evidence for distinct role: children without fathers do not grow up different

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19
Q

evaluation for the role of the father- strength

A

real world application- advising parents about the flexibility in the role of the father

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20
Q

interactions in the care-infant interaction research

A

babies have frequent and important interactions with their care-giver

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21
Q

the reciprocity in the care-infant interaction research

A
  • turn taking
  • mothers respond when baby is alert
  • quality of attachment related to synchrony
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22
Q

the interactional synchrony in the care-infant interactions

A

-same situations simultaneously
-interactions coordinated from two weeks
- quality of attachment related to synchrony

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23
Q

strength for the caregiver-infant interactions

A

filmed observations
- used to capture dine detail, can establish inter-rater reliability and babies not aware of being observed

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24
Q

weakness for the caregiver-infant interactions

A

difficulty observing babies- hard to know meaning of small movements

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25
who were the two psychologists who done animal studies within attachment
Lorenzo- goose Harlow- monkeys
26
Lorenz research- procedure
large clutch of goose eggs, half saw mother within the hours of hatching, half saw Lorenz
27
Lorenz Goose research - findings
newly hatched chicks attach to the first things they see
28
what is sexual imprinting in Lorenz research in animal studies
adult birds try to mate with whatever species or objects they imprint on
29
research support for Lorenz study
Regolin and Vallortigara observed chicks imprint on moving shapes
30
the 2 evaluation points for Lorenz research on Goose eggs
generalizability to humans- attachment systems in birds are less complex and not two-way applications to human behavior- imprinting explains computer operating systems choice
31
Harlow's research on baby monkeys- procedure
16 very young rhesus monkeys raised with 'surrogate mothers' young monkeys preferred cloth covered mother or plain wire one with milk
32
findings for Harlow's research with Monkeys
monkeys clung to cloth surrogate rather than wire one, regardless of which dispensed milk
33
maternally deprived monkeys in Harlow's research
grew up socially dysfunctional
34
the critical period for normal development in Harlow's research
after 90 days attachments would not form
35
strength for Harlow's research
real-world-value- helps professionals to promote bonding also applied to zoos and breeding programmers
36
another strength for Harlow's research
monkeys are similar to humans than birds but humans mind and behavior are more complex
37
weakness for Harlow's research
procedure caused severe long-term distress to participants, may not be outweighed by theoretical and practical benefits
38
separation vs deprivation
physical separation only leads to deprivation when the child loses emotional care
39
the critical period in Bowlby's theory of maternal deprivation
the first 2 and a half years are critical and deprivation in that time caused by damage
40
effects on development in Bowlby's theory
derivation of emotional care leads to affectionless psychopathy
41
Bowlby's research- procedure+ findings
interviewed 44 young thieves and families found 14 affectionless psychopaths, 12 of these separated from mothers before 2 years of age
42
strength for Bowlby's research
real world application- how children are looked after in hospitals
43
weakness for Bowlby's maternal deprivation
- flawed evidence- Bowlby conducted interviews himself - privation not deprivation- some of the 44 thieves may have been 'prived, deprivation may be less damaging'
44
explanations of attachment- monotropy
one particular attachment is different in quality and important than others
45
explanations of attachment- social releasers and the critical period
innate cue behaviors activate attachment in adults C.P- maximally sensitive up to 6 months, although nay extend up to 2 years.
46
evaluation of an explanation for attachment- monotropy
the validity in monotropy has been challenged - the primary attachment may be stronger but not different in nature
47
evaluation support for social releasers
babies came upset when attachment figures ignored social releasers (Brazelton)
48
evaluation of Bowlby's theory on feminist concerns
Bowlby views imply that mothers should not work outside the home (Burman), Bowlby also gave the mothers' role greater credit and that the theory had real-world applications
49
classical conditioning
a learning process where a natural stimulus is paired with a stimulus that produces a natural response
50
explain classical conditioning with attachments
caregiver (neural stimulus) associated with food (unconditioned stimulus). caregivers becomes conditioned stimulus
51
operant conditioning
a learning method that uses rewards and punishments to modify behaviours
51
explain operant conditioning within attachments
crying reinforced positively for baby, but negatively to the caregiver
52
the driven reduction in attachments
attachment is the secondary drive learned by association of caregiver with hunger associations
53
a strength within the conditioning
some conditioning (association with comfort) comfort could still be involved in selecting the primary attachment figure
54
counter evidence for animal studies
Lorenz and Harlow showed that feeding is not the key to attachments
55
counter evidence from studies within humans
primary attachment figure is not always the person who does the feeding, (Schaffer and Emerson) quality of attachment related to the interactional synchrony not feeding
56
internal working model formed to influence of early attachment on later relationships- who and the what was the idea for it
-Bowlby - idea that the primary attachment forms a template for the later relationships
57
components within the internal working model
memories, beliefs, attitudes, expectations, goals, needs, plans and strategies
58
the impact for the internal working model
can shape how people interact with others and their close relationships helps people to engage in survival-promoting behaviours also helps them predict and understand their environment
59
relationships in childhood
securely attached children have better friendships securely attached children are less likely to be involved in bullying
60
relationships in adulthood
securely attached adults have better relationships with friends and partners secure responders have better and long lasting relationships avoidant responders had a fear of intimacy mother's attachment typed matched that of their mothers and babies
61
evaluation within confounding variables
associations between attachments types and later development may be due to e.g. parenting style/or genes
62
evaluation within balancing opportunity and risks
knowing early attachments types might cause self-fulfilling prophecies
63
Romanian research- rutter et Al's research
ERA project studied 165 Romanian orphans adopted in UK later showed low IQ and disinhibited attachment
64
Zeanah et AL's within the R.O and institutionalisation
the BEI project found secure attachment in 19% of institutional group, 74% in control disinhibited attachment in 44%, 20% in controls
65
institutionalisation-
refers to the effects of growing up in an orphanage or children's home children who are raised in these suffer from the lack of emotional care
66
effects of institutionalisation
disinhibited attachment and delay in intellectual development if institutionalisation continues after sensitive period of attachment
67
strength for R.O and institutionalisation
real world application- both institutional care and adoption practise have been improved using lessons from Romanian orphans
68
another strength for R.O and institutionalisation
fewer confounding variables- Romanian orphans had fewer negative influences before institutionalisation
69
weakness for the R.O and institutionalisation
lack of adult data - we do not know the effects of institutional care on adult development
70
Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg's research- within the cultural variations
-meta-analysis of 32 studies using the strange situation in 8 countries, compared rates of attachments within the different countries
71
findings for IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg research within the cultural variations
secure attachments most common (range from 50% China to 75% Britain)
72
conclusion for the cultural variations
it appears that attachment is innate and universal and secure attachment is the norm however cultural practises effects rates of attachment types
73
evaluation point of the cultural variations
apparent cultural differences might have been due to sample characteristics or environmental differences e.g. room size.

psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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