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psychology paper 1 > Attachments > Flashcards

Attachments Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 stages of Schaffer’s stages of stages

A

asocial, indiscriminate attachment, specific attachment, and multiple attachment

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2
Q

what is the asocial stage

A

is the first few weeks, has the same response to humans as well as objects

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3
Q

what is the discriminate attachment stage

A

from 2-7 months, preference for (familiar) people, no stranger/ separation anxiety

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4
Q

what is the specific attachment

A

stranger and separation anxiety in regard to one particular adult= primary attachment figure (65% were mother)

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5
Q

what is the Multiple attachment

A

soon after attachment behavior directed towards more than one adult (secondary attachment)

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6
Q

what was Schaffer’s and Emerson’s research- procedure

A

mothers of 60 working class Glasgow babies reported monthly on separation and stranger anxiety

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7
Q

Schaffer and Emerson’s research- findings

A

babies’ attachment behavior is progressed as detailed in Schaffer and Emerson’s stage theory

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8
Q

poor evidence for the asocial stage

A

babies have poor co-ordination, so just may seem asocial

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9
Q

evaluation for Schaffer and Emerson’s research

A

good external validity-
mothers did the observing, so the babies did not stressed by being observed
counterpoint-
mothers might not have accurately noted behaviour

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10
Q

the strange situation procedure

A

a 7 stage controlled observation
assesses proximity-seeking, exploration and secure base, stranger and separation anxiety, response to reunion

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11
Q

findings of the strange situations

A

babies shows consistent patterns of attachment behaviour

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12
Q

what the different types of attachments

A

secure, avoidant, resistant

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13
Q

in the strange situation how are the different types of attachment been found in the research

A

secure- enthusiastic greeting, generally content, moderate anxiety
avoidant- avoids reunion, generally reduced responses
Resistant- resists reunion, generally more distressed

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14
Q

strength for the strange situation

A

good predictive validity- attachment types predict later social behavior e.g. school success

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15
Q

weakness for the strange situation

A

the test may be culture-bound- strange situation developed in Britain and US, other cultures have different experiences that affect behavior in the strange situation i.e. in Japan, Takahashi

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16
Q

what is the role of the father- the attachment

A

father is a primary attachment object in just 3% of the time, secondary attachment formed within 18 months (75%)

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17
Q

what is the distinctive role for the father

A
  • the attachment between mother and baby more crucial in later teen-attachment
  • however, quality of fathers play with babies links into later attachment
  • fathers can be primary attachment figure: adopt behavior typical of the mothers
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18
Q

evaluation points for the role of the father- limitations

A

-research confusion, researchers address different issues on father roles
-conflicting evidence for distinct role: children without fathers do not grow up different

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19
Q

evaluation for the role of the father- strength

A

real world application- advising parents about the flexibility in the role of the father

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20
Q

interactions in the care-infant interaction research

A

babies have frequent and important interactions with their care-giver

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21
Q

the reciprocity in the care-infant interaction research

A
  • turn taking
  • mothers respond when baby is alert
  • quality of attachment related to synchrony
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22
Q

the interactional synchrony in the care-infant interactions

A

-same situations simultaneously
-interactions coordinated from two weeks
- quality of attachment related to synchrony

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23
Q

strength for the caregiver-infant interactions

A

filmed observations
- used to capture dine detail, can establish inter-rater reliability and babies not aware of being observed

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24
Q

weakness for the caregiver-infant interactions

A

difficulty observing babies- hard to know meaning of small movements

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25
Q

who were the two psychologists who done animal studies within attachment

A

Lorenzo- goose
Harlow- monkeys

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26
Q

Lorenz research- procedure

A

large clutch of goose eggs, half saw mother within the hours of hatching, half saw Lorenz

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27
Q

Lorenz Goose research - findings

A

newly hatched chicks attach to the first things they see

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28
Q

what is sexual imprinting in Lorenz research in animal studies

A

adult birds try to mate with whatever species or objects they imprint on

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29
Q

research support for Lorenz study

A

Regolin and Vallortigara observed chicks imprint on moving shapes

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30
Q

the 2 evaluation points for Lorenz research on Goose eggs

A

generalizability to humans- attachment systems in birds are less complex and not two-way
applications to human behavior- imprinting explains computer operating systems choice

31
Q

Harlow’s research on baby monkeys- procedure

A

16 very young rhesus monkeys raised with ‘surrogate mothers’
young monkeys preferred cloth covered mother or plain wire one with milk

32
Q

findings for Harlow’s research with Monkeys

A

monkeys clung to cloth surrogate rather than wire one, regardless of which dispensed milk

33
Q

maternally deprived monkeys in Harlow’s research

A

grew up socially dysfunctional

34
Q

the critical period for normal development in Harlow’s research

A

after 90 days attachments would not form

35
Q

strength for Harlow’s research

A

real-world-value- helps professionals to promote bonding also applied to zoos and breeding programmers

36
Q

another strength for Harlow’s research

A

monkeys are similar to humans than birds but humans mind and behavior are more complex

37
Q

weakness for Harlow’s research

A

procedure caused severe long-term distress to participants, may not be outweighed by theoretical and practical benefits

38
Q

separation vs deprivation

A

physical separation only leads to deprivation when the child loses emotional care

39
Q

the critical period in Bowlby’s theory of maternal deprivation

A

the first 2 and a half years are critical and deprivation in that time caused by damage

40
Q

effects on development in Bowlby’s theory

A

derivation of emotional care leads to affectionless psychopathy

41
Q

Bowlby’s research- procedure+ findings

A

interviewed 44 young thieves and families
found 14 affectionless psychopaths, 12 of these separated from mothers before 2 years of age

42
Q

strength for Bowlby’s research

A

real world application- how children are looked after in hospitals

43
Q

weakness for Bowlby’s maternal deprivation

A
  • flawed evidence- Bowlby conducted interviews himself
  • privation not deprivation- some of the 44 thieves may have been ‘prived, deprivation may be less damaging’
44
Q

explanations of attachment- monotropy

A

one particular attachment is different in quality and important than others

45
Q

explanations of attachment- social releasers and the critical period

A

innate cue behaviors activate attachment in adults
C.P- maximally sensitive up to 6 months, although nay extend up to 2 years.

46
Q

evaluation of an explanation for attachment- monotropy

A

the validity in monotropy has been challenged
- the primary attachment may be stronger but not different in nature

47
Q

evaluation support for social releasers

A

babies came upset when attachment figures ignored social releasers (Brazelton)

48
Q

evaluation of Bowlby’s theory on feminist concerns

A

Bowlby views imply that mothers should not work outside the home (Burman), Bowlby also gave the mothers’ role greater credit and that the theory had real-world applications

49
Q

classical conditioning

A

a learning process where a natural stimulus is paired with a stimulus that produces a natural response

50
Q

explain classical conditioning with attachments

A

caregiver (neural stimulus) associated with food (unconditioned stimulus).
caregivers becomes conditioned stimulus

51
Q

operant conditioning

A

a learning method that uses rewards and punishments to modify behaviours

51
Q

explain operant conditioning within attachments

A

crying reinforced positively for baby, but negatively to the caregiver

52
Q

the driven reduction in attachments

A

attachment is the secondary drive learned by association of caregiver with hunger associations

53
Q

a strength within the conditioning

A

some conditioning (association with comfort) comfort could still be involved in selecting the primary attachment figure

54
Q

counter evidence for animal studies

A

Lorenz and Harlow showed that feeding is not the key to attachments

55
Q

counter evidence from studies within humans

A

primary attachment figure is not always the person who does the feeding, (Schaffer and Emerson)
quality of attachment related to the interactional synchrony not feeding

56
Q

internal working model formed to influence of early attachment on later relationships- who and the what was the idea for it

A

-Bowlby
- idea that the primary attachment forms a template for the later relationships

57
Q

components within the internal working model

A

memories, beliefs, attitudes, expectations, goals, needs, plans and strategies

58
Q

the impact for the internal working model

A

can shape how people interact with others and their close relationships
helps people to engage in survival-promoting behaviours
also helps them predict and understand their environment

59
Q

relationships in childhood

A

securely attached children have better friendships
securely attached children are less likely to be involved in bullying

60
Q

relationships in adulthood

A

securely attached adults have better relationships with friends and partners
secure responders have better and long lasting relationships
avoidant responders had a fear of intimacy
mother’s attachment typed matched that of their mothers and babies

61
Q

evaluation within confounding variables

A

associations between attachments types and later development may be due to e.g. parenting style/or genes

62
Q

evaluation within balancing opportunity and risks

A

knowing early attachments types might cause self-fulfilling prophecies

63
Q

Romanian research- rutter et Al’s research

A

ERA project studied 165 Romanian orphans adopted in UK later showed low IQ and disinhibited attachment

64
Q

Zeanah et AL’s within the R.O and institutionalisation

A

the BEI project found secure attachment in 19% of institutional group, 74% in control
disinhibited attachment in 44%, 20% in controls

65
Q

institutionalisation-

A

refers to the effects of growing up in an orphanage or children’s home
children who are raised in these suffer from the lack of emotional care

66
Q

effects of institutionalisation

A

disinhibited attachment and delay in intellectual development if institutionalisation continues after sensitive period of attachment

67
Q

strength for R.O and institutionalisation

A

real world application-
both institutional care and adoption practise have been improved using lessons from Romanian orphans

68
Q

another strength for R.O and institutionalisation

A

fewer confounding variables-
Romanian orphans had fewer negative influences before institutionalisation

69
Q

weakness for the R.O and institutionalisation

A

lack of adult data -
we do not know the effects of institutional care on adult development

70
Q

Van IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg’s research- within the cultural variations

A

-meta-analysis of 32 studies using the strange situation in 8 countries, compared rates of attachments within the different countries

71
Q

findings for IJzendoorn and Kroonenberg research within the cultural variations

A

secure attachments most common (range from 50% China to 75% Britain)

72
Q

conclusion for the cultural variations

A

it appears that attachment is innate and universal and secure attachment is the norm
however cultural practises effects rates of attachment types

73
Q

evaluation point of the cultural variations

A

apparent cultural differences might have been due to sample characteristics or environmental differences e.g. room size.

psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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