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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four types of abnormality?

A

Failure to function adequately, deviation from social norms, statistical abnormality, deviation from ideal mental health

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2
Q

Describe statistical infrequency

A

Statistically rare behaviour, aka the tails of a normal distribution

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3
Q

Describe deviation from social norms

A

Variation from societal unwritten rules (norms).
Those who display this undesirable behaviour are called social deviants

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4
Q

Describe failure to function adequately

A

Not being able to cope with everyday life

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5
Q

What is the definition of a phobia?

A

An irrational fear of an object/ situation

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6
Q

What is the definition of behavioural phobias?

A

Ways in which people act

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7
Q

What is the definition of an emotional phobia?

A

Ways in which people feel

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8
Q

What is the definition of cognitive phobias?

A

Refers to the process of thinking, knowing, perceiving, believing

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9
Q

What is the definition of a specific phobia?

A

Phobia of an object such as animal or body part or a situation such as having an injection

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10
Q

What is the definition of social anxiety?

A

Phobia of a social situation such as public speaking or using a public toilet

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11
Q

What is agoraphobia?

A

Phobia or being outside or in a public place

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12
Q

3 behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

Panic, avoidance and endurance

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13
Q

Describe the process of systematic desensitisation.

A

Drawing up a hierarchy of anxiety provoking situations related to the phobic stimulus. The person works their way through the hierarchy whilst maintaining relaxation

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14
Q

Describe the process of flooding.

A

Therapy in which the client is exposed to an extreme form of the phobic stimulus to reduce anxiety triggered.

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15
Q

2 benefits of systematic desensitisation

A
  • evidence of effectiveness
  • helps those with learning disabilities
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16
Q

1 strength of flooding

A

Cost effective

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17
Q

1 limitation of flooding

A

Traumatic

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18
Q

What are the 4 stages of the OCD cycle?

A

Obsessions, anxiety, compulsions, temporary relief

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19
Q

3 biological explanations for OCD

A

Genetic explanations, brain structure, neurotransmitters

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20
Q

What are the 3 parts of Beck’s cognitive triad for explaining depression?

A

Negative self schemas
Cognitive bias
Negative triad

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21
Q

Description of a negative self schema.

A

Low self esteem
Insecure

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22
Q

What did Weissman and Beck do in 1978 with negative self schemas (evidence to support Beck’s negative triad)

A

Investigated the thought processes of depressed people to see if they make use of negative schemas

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23
Q

What was the method of Weissman and Beck

A

The control group and depressed group measured their thought processes using the DAS.
They completed a self report by ticking agree or disagree with a set of statements

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24
Q

What were the results of Weissman and Beck

A

Depressed participants made more negative assessments than non- depressed people

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25
Q

Give an overview of cognitive biases

A

Depressed people make fundamental errors in logic

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26
Q

What are the 5 cognitive biases

A

Overgeneralisation, personalisation, selective abstraction, magnification, minimisation

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27
Q

Describe overgeneralisation

A

A general conclusion based on a single occurrence

28
Q

Describe personalisation

A

Negative feelings of others are attributed to the self

29
Q

Describe selective abstraction

A

Focus on one negative aspect and overlooking aspects leading to a positive conclusion

30
Q

Describe magnification

A

Exaggerating significance of events

31
Q

Describe minimisation

A

Underplaying positive events and outcomes

32
Q

What is the negative triad?

A

When negative views of the world, future and the self occur at the same time

33
Q

Describe Ellis’ ABC model in explaining depression

A

An Action is affected by an individual’s Beliefs which result in a Consequence

34
Q

Emotional characteristics of phobias

A

Irrational Fear and anxiety

35
Q

Cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Selective attention to the phobic stimulus, irrational beliefs and cognitive distortions

36
Q

Behavioural characteristics of depression

A

Low activity levels, disrupted sleep and eating, aggression or self harm

37
Q

Emotional characteristics of depression

A

Lowered mood, anger, lowered self esteem

38
Q

Cognitive characteristics of depression

A

Poor concentration, absolutist thinking, attending to and dwelling on the negative

39
Q

Behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

Repetitive compulsions, compulsions reduce anxiety, avoidance

40
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD

A

Anxiety, guilt, accompanying depression in low mood

41
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts, cognitive coping strategies

42
Q

Briefly describe the two process model in explaining phobias

A

Mowrer proposed that Phobias are acquired through classical conditioning and are maintained through operant conditioning

43
Q

Briefly explain the practical application of the two process model (AO3)

A

There is an application to exposure therapies such as SD. The two process model says phobias are maintained by avoidance of the phobic stimulus so exposure should reverse this.

44
Q

What is a limitation of the two process model in explaining phobias?

A

It ignores the role of cognition in acquiring and maintaining phobias

45
Q

Describe the real world application of Beck’s negative triad

A

Useful in diagnosing and treating those with depression. Identification of cognitive vulnerability allows young people to be screened and diagnosed

46
Q

What is a real world application to Ellis’s ABC model?

A

He created REBT which involves vigoursly arguing with the depressed client to change their thought process. There is evidence to support the effectiveness of REBT

47
Q

What is a limitation of Ellis’s ABC model?

A

It only explains reactive depression (depression caused by an event) and not endogenous depression (depression where the cause is not traceable to a life event)

48
Q

Describe CBT as a method of treating depression

A

There is a discussion between the therapist and client to identify the clients problems. They then create a plan to achieve goals set and. Identify irrational thoughts

49
Q

What are some strategies of Beck’s cognitive therapy

A

Behavioural activation, homework, cognitive restructuring, thought catching

50
Q

Explain unsuitability for diverse clients as a limitation for CBT

A

CBT has little effect on Clients with learning disabilities and depression
Does not work on clients who are unmotivated

51
Q

Explain relapse rates as a limitation of CBT

A

CBT is effective in tackling the symptoms of depression, but there are concerns as to whether the benefits last in the long term
Shehazi et al assessed 439 clients who partake in CBT and 42% relapsed in depression after 6 months of ending treatments

52
Q

What do the D and E stand for in ABCDE of REBT treatment

A

Dispute and effect

53
Q

What are 3 aspects of genetic explanations of OCD

A

Candidate genes, poly genetics, different types of OCD

54
Q

Briefly explain candidate genes in explaining OCD

A

Genes have been identified that create vulnerability for genes. This may be involved in regulating and releasing serotonin

55
Q

Briefly explain OCD being polygenic as an explanation for OCD

A

A combination of genes increase vulnerability for OCD. Steven Taylor’s analysis has found up to 230 genes which could cause OCD

56
Q

Briefly explain different types of OCD as an explanation for OCD

A

Different combinations of genes can code for Increased vulnerability of OCD in different people

57
Q

2 subunits of the neural explanation for OCD

A

The role of serotonin, decision making systems

58
Q

Describe the role of serotonin as an explanation for OCD

A

The neurotransmitter serotonin is believed to regulate mood, therefore absence leads to reduced brain function

59
Q

Briefly explain decision making systems as an explanation for OCD

A

Some types of OCD, such as hoarding disorder, are associated with impaired decision making. This may be due to abnormal functioning of the frontal lobe

60
Q

Explain the research support strength of the genetic explanation to OCD

A

Nesdalt et al found 68% of identical twins shared OCD as opposed to 31% of non identical

61
Q

Briefly explain the limitation of environmental risk factors in explaining OCD

A

OCD is not completely genetic in origin as a sole gene has not been identified, therefore there are environmental triggers. So the genetic explanation does not give a full view of causes of OCD

62
Q

Briefly explain the strength of research support in neural explanations of OCD

A

Purely serotonin boosting drugs are proven to reduce OCD symptoms

63
Q

How do SSRI’s work?

A

They inhibit serotonin reuptake in the presynaptic nerve , therefore serotonin levels in the synapse are increased and can stimulate

64
Q

Explain the evidence of effectiveness of SSRI’s

A

Of 17 studies that compares SSRI’S to placebos, typically symptoms reduce by 70% for those taking SSRI’s

65
Q

Explain cost effectiveness as a strength of SSRI’s

A

Cheap compared to psychological treatments, because many pills can be produced at once.
Good value for the NHS

66
Q

Explain serious side effects as a weakness of SSRI’S

A

Manny people experience indigestion, blurred vision. These can be temporary but are distressing and can be long term for some people

Psychology (4 decks)

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