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Psychology > Key Approaches > Flashcards

Key Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning by association. 2 stimuli create a response

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2
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through rewardist consequences

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3
Q

Examples of classical conditioning

A

Pavlovs dogs, Little Albert

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4
Q

Examples of operant conditioning

A

Skinner’s Box

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5
Q

Is the behaviourist approach scientific?

A

Somewhat- high control of variables, checking for reliability

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6
Q

What is a negative of the behaviourist approach being somewhat scientific?

A

Only observable behaviour is noted, so cognition is ignored

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7
Q

What are the behaviourist approach’s practical applications?

A

Token economies are based off operant conditioning

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8
Q

What is a negative of the scientific lab setting of behaviourist approach?

A

Lacks ecological validity

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9
Q

What is the biological approach ?

A

Behaviour is influenced by genetic makeup and inheritance rather than being learnt

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10
Q

What are some features of the biological approach?

A

Humans and their behaviour has evolved
Anything psychological is first biological

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11
Q

What is the evolution of genes?

A

Weaker/maladaptive genes die out and adaptive genes survive

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12
Q

2 strengths to the biological approach

A

-real world applications
-scientific methods

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13
Q

What is a strength of the scientific methods of the biological approach?

A

They are repeatable and control for extraneous variables

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14
Q

2 weaknesses of the biological approach

A

-difficult to separate the role of nature or nurture
-simplistic views undermine justice system

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15
Q

What are the real world applications of the biological approach

A

Medicine/ drug treatments for depression

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16
Q

What does it mean that the biological approach is deterministic

A

It sees human behaviour as governed by internal causes. But this is wrong because phenotype can be determined by environment

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17
Q

Stimulus ——> ________ ——> response

A

Mediator

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18
Q

What is a schema?

A

An mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing
Developed from experience

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19
Q

What is it called when cognitive and biology merge?

A

Cognitive neuroscience

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20
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

Scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes

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21
Q

What are two practical applications of the cognitive approach?

A

Artificial intelligence
Memory

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22
Q

What is a practical application of the cognitive approach?

A

Artificial intelligence

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23
Q

What is a negative of AI applications in the cognitive approach?

A

Machine reductionism- emotions are ignored in AI and human cognition is more complex

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24
Q

Does the cognitive approach have scientific methods?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What is another negative of the cognitive approach?

A

The theories are hard to test due to them being linked to the mind

26
Q

What is soft determinism in the cognitive approach?

A

The belief that some cognitive processes are pre-determined for you whilst some we have control over

27
Q

what is the assumption of the cognitive approach?

A

all behaviour is due to internal mental processes

28
Q

What is the assumption of social learning theory?

A

All behaviour is indirectly learnt from observation

29
Q

What are the four cognitive mediating factors?

A

Attention, retention, motivation, motor reproduction

30
Q

What is indirect/ vicarious reinforcement?

A

Watching someone receive reinforcement

31
Q

What is a negative of the bobo doll experiment linking to the selection of children?

A

They were all chosen from the Stanford nursery so were all white and upper middle class - low generalisability

32
Q

What is a negative of the Bobo doll experiment linking to time scale

A

Only immediate effects of the conditioning were observed, so long term impact is not explored

33
Q

What are the poor ethics of the bobo doll experiment?

A

-potential manipulation of children
-children provoked to be aggressive

34
Q

What are some practical applications of SLT.

A

Explains cultural, class and status differences
Explains gender roles
Media impact on children

35
Q

Which two debates does SLT provide a stance in?

A

Nature vs nurture, determinism

36
Q

What is the definition of free will?

A

The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by internal or external forces

37
Q

What is the definition of self- actualisation?

A

The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil one’s capability

38
Q

What is the order of Maslow hierarchy of needs?

A

Self actualisation, self esteem, love and belonging, safety and security, physiological needs

39
Q

What did rogers argue was needed for personal growth to be achieved?

A

Individuals concept of the self must be equivalent to or have congruence with the ideal self.

40
Q

In order to reduce the gap between the self and the ideal self, what did rogers develop?

A

Client centred therapy

41
Q

What is said in client centered therapy?

A

Unconditional positive regard from the therapist to the patient

42
Q

What is low self esteem usually caused by?

A

Lack of unconditional positive regard from parents

43
Q

Evaluate holism as a strength to the humanistic approach.

A
  • opposite of reductionist such as in the biological approach
  • gives a global picture of the individual
44
Q

What is introspection?

A

Systematic attempt to study the mind by recording experiences
Into 3 categories: thoughts, images and sensations

45
Q

What was Wundt’s aim?

A

Analyse the nature of human consciousness

46
Q

Give one strength of Wundt’s method of introspection

A

He used scientific methods at the time and his processes were standardised

47
Q

Give one weakness of Wundt’s methods of introspection

A

They were unscientific and would probably not be classified as scientific now
Participants may have concealed their opinions or lied about sensations

48
Q

What are internal mental processes?

A

Operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between the stimulus and response

49
Q

What did Broca do in cognitive neuroscience?

A

Identified that damage to the frontal lobe could permanently impair speech production

50
Q

2 brain scans which allowed for neurological studies (cognitive neuroscience)

A

fMRI and PET

51
Q

Why are scanning techniques in cognitive neuroscience useful?

A

They established the neurological basis of some mental disorders

52
Q

What are the 3 parts of the personality?

A

The id, superego and ego

53
Q

What are the three levels of the mind in psychodynamic?

A

Unconscious, preconscious, conscious

54
Q

What are the 3 defence mechanisms in psychodynamics?

A

Denial, repression, displacement

55
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages in psychodynamics in age order?

A

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

56
Q

What happens if you are stuck in one of the psychosexual stages?

A

You are fixated and this shows in adult life

57
Q

Which principle is the id

A

Pleasure

58
Q

Which principle is the superego?

A

Morality

59
Q

Which principle is the ego?

A

Reality

60
Q

What are defence mechanisms for?

A

They are unconscious and ensure the ego can protect us from being overwhelmed by temporary threats
These involve distortion of reality and are psychologically unhealthy in the long term

61
Q

What is an AO3 point about the psychosexual stages?

A

-low generalisablity as the Oedipus complex is for boys
- only based on one case study of Little Hans

62
Q

What are the 3 categories Wundt classified responses into?

A

Thoughts, images and sensations.

Psychology (4 decks)

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