Key Approaches

Question 1

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 1

Learning by association. 2 stimuli create a response

Question 2

What is operant conditioning?

Answer 2

Learning through rewardist consequences

Question 3

Examples of classical conditioning

Answer 3

Pavlovs dogs, Little Albert

Question 4

Examples of operant conditioning

Answer 4

Skinner’s Box

Question 5

Is the behaviourist approach scientific?

Answer 5

Yes - high control of variables, checking for reliability

Question 6

What is a negative of the behaviourist approach being somewhat scientific?

Answer 6

Only observable behaviour is noted, so cognition is ignored

Question 7

What are the behaviourist approach’s practical applications?

Answer 7

Token economies are based off operant conditioning
Two process model —> systematic desensitisation therapy

Question 8

What is a negative of the scientific lab setting of behaviourist approach?

Answer 8

Lacks ecological validity

Question 9

What is the biological approach ?

Answer 9

Behaviour is influenced by genetic makeup and inheritance rather than being learnt

Question 10

What are some features of the biological approach?

Answer 10

Humans and their behaviour has evolved
Anything psychological is first biological

Question 11

What is the evolution of genes?

Answer 11

Weaker/maladaptive genes die out and adaptive genes survive

Question 12

2 strengths to the biological approach

Answer 12

-real world applications
-scientific methods

Question 13

What is a strength of the scientific methods of the biological approach?

Answer 13

They are repeatable and control for extraneous variables

Question 14

2 weaknesses of the biological approach

Answer 14

-difficult to separate the role of nature or nurture
-simplistic views undermine justice system

Question 15

What are the real world applications of the biological approach

Answer 15

Medicine/ drug treatments for depression

Question 16

What does it mean that the biological approach is deterministic

Answer 16

It sees human behaviour as governed by internal causes. But this is wrong because phenotype can be determined by environment

Question 17

Stimulus ——> ________ ——> response

Answer 17

Mediator

Question 18

What is a schema?

Answer 18

An mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing
Developed from experience

Question 19

What is it called when cognitive and biology merge?

Answer 19

Cognitive neuroscience

Question 20

What is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 20

Scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes

Question 21

What are two practical applications of the cognitive approach?

Answer 21

Artificial intelligence
Memory

Question 22

What is a practical application of the cognitive approach?

Answer 22

Artificial intelligence

Question 23

What is a negative of AI applications in the cognitive approach?

Answer 23

Machine reductionism- emotions are ignored in AI and human cognition is more complex

Question 24

Does the cognitive approach have scientific methods?

Answer 24

Yes

Question 25

What is another negative of the cognitive approach?

Answer 25

The theories are hard to test due to them being linked to the mind

Question 26

What is soft determinism in the cognitive approach?

Answer 26

The belief that some cognitive processes are pre-determined for you whilst some we have control over

Question 27

what is the assumption of the cognitive approach?

Answer 27

all behaviour is due to internal mental processes

Question 28

What is the assumption of social learning theory?

Answer 28

All behaviour is indirectly learnt from observation

Question 29

What are the four cognitive mediating factors?

Answer 29

Attention, retention, motivation, motor reproduction

Question 30

What is indirect/ vicarious reinforcement?

Answer 30

Watching someone receive reinforcement

Question 31

What is a negative of the bobo doll experiment linking to the selection of children?

Answer 31

They were all chosen from the Stanford nursery so were all white and upper middle class - low generalisability

Question 32

What is a negative of the Bobo doll experiment linking to time scale

Answer 32

Only immediate effects of the conditioning were observed, so long term impact is not explored

Question 33

What are the poor ethics of the bobo doll experiment?

Answer 33

-potential manipulation of children -children provoked to be aggressive

Question 34

What are some practical applications of SLT.

Answer 34

Explains cultural, class and status differences Explains gender roles Media impact on children

Question 35

Which two debates does SLT provide a stance in?

Answer 35

Nature vs nurture, determinism

Question 36

What is the definition of free will?

Answer 36

The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by internal or external forces

Question 37

What is the definition of self- actualisation?

Answer 37

The desire to grow psychologically and fulfil one’s capability

Question 38

What is the order of Maslow hierarchy of needs?

Answer 38

Self actualisation, self esteem, love and belonging, safety and security, physiological needs

Question 39

What did rogers argue was needed for personal growth to be achieved?

Answer 39

Individuals concept of the self must be equivalent to or have congruence with the ideal self.

Question 40

In order to reduce the gap between the self and the ideal self, what did rogers develop?

Answer 40

Client centred therapy

Question 41

What is said in client centered therapy?

Answer 41

Unconditional positive regard from the therapist to the patient

Question 42

What is low self esteem usually caused by?

Answer 42

Lack of unconditional positive regard from parents

Question 43

Evaluate holism as a strength to the humanistic approach.

Answer 43

- opposite of reductionist such as in the biological approach - gives a global picture of the individual

Question 44

What is introspection?

Answer 44

Systematic attempt to study the mind by recording experiences Into 3 categories: thoughts, images and sensations

Question 45

What was Wundt’s aim?

Answer 45

Analyse the nature of human consciousness

Question 46

Give one strength of Wundt’s method of introspection

Answer 46

He used scientific methods at the time and his processes were standardised

Question 47

Give one weakness of Wundt’s methods of introspection

Answer 47

They were unscientific and would probably not be classified as scientific now Participants may have concealed their opinions or lied about sensations

Question 48

What are internal mental processes?

Answer 48

Operations of the mind such as perception and attention that mediate between the stimulus and response

Question 49

What did Broca do in cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 49

Identified that damage to the frontal lobe could permanently impair speech production

Question 50

2 brain scans which allowed for neurological studies (cognitive neuroscience)

Answer 50

fMRI and PET

Question 51

Why are scanning techniques in cognitive neuroscience useful?

Answer 51

They established the neurological basis of some mental disorders

Question 52

What are the 3 parts of the personality?

Answer 52

The id, superego and ego

Question 53

What are the three levels of the mind in psychodynamic?

Answer 53

Unconscious, preconscious, conscious

Question 54

What are the 3 defence mechanisms in psychodynamics?

Answer 54

Denial, repression, displacement

Question 55

What are the 5 psychosexual stages in psychodynamics in age order?

Answer 55

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

Question 56

What happens if you are stuck in one of the psychosexual stages?

Answer 56

You are fixated and this shows in adult life

Question 57

Which principle is the id

Answer 57

Pleasure

Question 58

Which principle is the superego?

Answer 58

Morality

Question 59

Which principle is the ego?

Answer 59

Reality

Question 60

What are defence mechanisms for?

Answer 60

They are unconscious and ensure the ego can protect us from being overwhelmed by temporary threats These involve distortion of reality and are psychologically unhealthy in the long term

Question 61

What is an AO3 point about the psychosexual stages?

Answer 61

-low generalisablity as the Oedipus complex is for boys - only based on one case study of Little Hans

Question 62

What are the 3 categories Wundt classified responses into?

Answer 62

Thoughts, images and sensations.