psychopathology

Question 1

Broadly, what are the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders?

Answer 1

a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological symptoms showing a person continues to use substances despite experiencing significant problems associated with usage; must have two or more symptoms within a year

Question 2

What are the the three types of substance-induced disorders?

Answer 2

substance intoxication, substance withdrawal, and substance-induced mental disorders (e.g., major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, etc.)

Question 3

What is a primary difference between substance use and substance-abuse disorders?

Answer 3

Often the symptoms of substance-induced disorders may full resolve upon abstaining from substance abuse; substance abuse is a more chronic condition although many people do go into remission from these disorders.

Question 4

What disorder occurs when an individual who is not under the influence of any substances begins re-experiencing the effects (e.g., has flashbacks) from hallucinogenic drug use?

Answer 4

hallucinogen persisting perceptual disorder

Question 5

What type of disorder can result in significant decline within one or more cognitive domains that then inhibits daily function, arising secondary to alcohol abuse?

Answer 5

alcohol-induced neurocognitive disorder

Question 6

Korsakoff syndrome is characterized by what symptoms?

Answer 6

amnestic-confabulatory diagnosis; encompasses both anterograde (new memories) and retrograde (historical) amnesias as well as confabulation

Question 7

On a biological level, what is Korsakoff syndrome believed to be driven by?

Answer 7

thiamine deficiency

Question 8

What interventions occur when a Community Reinforcement Approach is used to treat a substance use disorder?

Answer 8

principles of operant conditioning; patients are encouraged to arrange their lifestyles in a healthy and drug-free manner

Question 9

Community Reinforcement Approach and Family Training (CRAFT) is an adjunct treatment for CRA and involves what type of interventions?

Answer 9

family members or concerned significant others are provided with tools to help urge the identified patient into treatment, reduce risk from substance abuse consequences, and improve coping skills to deal with effects of loved one’s actions

Question 10

Within the Voucher-Based Reinforcement Therapy (VBRT) model, what would a patient experience?

Answer 10

they would be provided with vouchers redeemable for desirable goods and services within the community as a reward for accomplishing a treatment goal

Question 11

What is one drawback or criticism of Voucher-Based Reinforcement Therapy (VBRT)?

Answer 11

therapeutic effects may be short-term and once vouchers are no longer available/patients have graduated, they are at increased risk for relapse

Question 12

What interventions constitute Personalized Normative Feedback (PNF) as a substance abuse treatment?

Answer 12

patients are asked to rate their own level/frequency of engagement of a behavior (e.g., alcohol consumption) as compared with that of their peers, then are provided feedback via the “true” level of behavioral engagement of their peers; works to minimize denial with hopes that a realistic perception will help to decrease the undesired behavior

Question 13

Under what model of substance abuse treatment, a patient’s lapse would be a reflection of high-risk circumstances that immediately preceded the lapse?

Answer 13

Relapse Prevention Therapy (RPT)

Question 14

Relapse Prevention Therapy targets substance abuse risk through use of which five interventions?

Answer 14

improve patients’ coping skills, enhance self-efficacy, challenge myths about the benefits of substance use, cognitive restructuring about lapses (e.g., decrease guilt/failure feelings), and implementing lifestyle changes to reduce risk

Question 15

What insights were demonstrated by the results of a study known as Project MATCH?

Answer 15

patients will be most effective in decreasing or ceasing substance abuse when the treatment type matches their underlying issues (e.g., patient within a social context whereby alcohol use is normalized will benefit most from AA)

Question 16

What four domains can be impacted in individuals who have neurodevelopmental disorders?

Answer 16

academic, occupational, personal, and/or social functioning

Question 17

Early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI), administered for around 40 hours per week, has been found as an effective treatment for waht disorder?

Answer 17

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 18

What two deficits must be present for a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to be made?

Answer 18

1) deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, & 2) restrictive and repetitive patterns of activities, behaviors, and interests

Question 19

Which diagnosis requires a recurring pattern of anger/irritability, argumenatitive/defiant behavior, and/or vindictiveness?

Answer 19

oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)

Question 20

To diagnose oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), how many symptoms must be observed and in what timeframe?

Answer 20

one symptom within the past six months or three symptoms within the past 12 months

Question 21

How many children diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder go on to develop conduct disorder?

Answer 21

30%

Question 22

What diagnosis involves a persistent pattern of behavior that violates the rights of others and/or age-appropriate social norms?

Answer 22

conduct disorder

Question 23

How many symptoms must be observed, and in what timeframe, to render a diagnosis of conduct disorder?

Answer 23

three symptoms within the past 12 months, or one symptom within the past six months

Question 24

What are the symptoms of conduct disorder?

Answer 24

aggression toward people and/or animals, property destruction, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of the rules

Question 25

What diagnosis cannot be assigned in conjunction with conduct disorder?

Answer 25

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

Question 26

When is the typical onset of conduct disorder?

Answer 26

mid-childhood to adolescence

Question 27

There are four categories of evidence-based therapeutic modalities to treat conduct disorder. These include…?

Answer 27

1) child-focused intervention, 2) parent-focused interventions, 3) family-focused interventions, and 4) multimodal interventions

Question 28

What diagnosis involves recurrent behavioral outbursts that arise due to a failure to control aggressive impulses?

Answer 28

intermittent explosive disorder

Question 29

What are the two types/timeframes by which intermittent explosive disorder symptoms can arise to substantiate diagnosis?

Answer 29

1) verbal or physical aggression symptoms observed twice per week or more for three or more weeks absent harm to people or animals, OR 2) three or more behavioral outbursts in a 12-month period that involve property damage and/or injury to animals or people

Question 30

In addition to the timeframes/symptom clusters used to characterize intermittent explosive disorder, what other baseline criteria must also be met?

Answer 30

the symptoms must cause clinically significant distress, impaired functioning, and/or financial or legal consequences

Question 32

What is the