learning & memory Flashcards
What model of memory includes sensory, short-term, and long-term memory?
multi-store model of memory
What level from the multi-store model of memory stores a large amount of incoming sensory data but for a very short period of time?
sensory memory
What level from the multi-store model of memory is involved when sensory data is moved here after it is attended to and is typically stored for ~20 seconds?
short-term memory
Memory span is a component of what level of the multi-store model?
short-term memory
What is the capacity of memory span?
7 +/- 2
What component of memory is responsible for processing and manipulating information, such as is utilized when completing simple math problems?
working memory
Memory span and working memory are components of which level of the multi-store model?
short-term memory
Which level from the multi-store model of memory is at play when information from is encoded from the short-term to the next phase and organized according to how it relates to existing data?
long-term memory
Which level from the multi-store model of memory has unlimited capacity and is most affected by age?
long-term memory
Recent and remote memories are components of which level of the multi-store model?
long-term memory
Information stored for minutes to years is considered what type of long-term memory?
recent memory
Information stored for years to decades is considered what type of long-term memory?
remote memory
What is the difference between recent and remote memory?
duration that information is stored; for recent, it is stored for minutes to years whereas for remote it is years to decades
What does the serial position effect stipulate?
when a person is asked to memorize a list of words then recall them immediately or after a brief delay, the primacy and sometimes recency effect come into play
If a person is asked to immediately recall words from a list, what effect(s) will occur?
primacy and recency effects
If a person is asked to recall words from a list after a brief delay, what effect(s) will occur?
primacy effect only
What is the primacy effect?
tendency to remember information presented first
What is the recency effect?
tendency to remember information presented last
What model of memory includes the phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and a central executive?
Baddeley’s model of working memory
Within Baddeley’s model of working memory, what is the central executive responsible for?
directing attention and coordinating cognitive processes
Within Baddeley’s model of working memory, what is the phonological loop responsible for?
temporary storage of verbal information
Within Baddeley’s model of working memory, what is the visuo-spatial sketchpad responsible for?
storage of visual and spatial information
Within Baddeley’s model of working memory, what is the episodic buffer responsible for?
integrating verbal, visual, and spatial information from working into long-term memory
What are the four components of Baddeley’s model of working memory?
central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer
Long-term memory is made up of eight possibilities; these include:
declarative or procedural, explicit or implicit, prospective or retrospective, and recent or remote
Declarative memory has what two forms?
episodic and semantic
What is episodic memory?
memory of personally experienced events
What is semantic memory?
facts, concepts, etc.
What is procedural memory?
learned actions and skills
What is explicit memory?
declarative memory of information that requires conscious effort to retrieve
What is implicit memory?
information that does not require conscious effort to retrieve; includes classical condition, priming, and procedural memory
What type of memory requires conscious effort to retrieve?
explicit memory
What type of memory does not require conscious effort to retrieve?
implicit memory
What type of memory includes information about upcoming events (e.g., an upcoming doctors appointment)?
prospective memory
What type of memory includes information about events from the past?
retrospective memory
What is the definition of priming (as a phenomenon)?
exposure to a stimulus either facilitates or inhibits a person’s response to a similar stimulus
When used as a method of study, what is priming examining?
implicit memory
Affective/evaluative, associative, conceptual and perceptual, masked, repetition, and semantic are techniques associated with what?
priming as a method of study
A person is presented with a word or object and this initial stimulus later facilitates identification of the object or word in a different context or format. What technique has been used?
repetition priming
What two types of linguistic tools are used for repetition priming?
word fragments (L__D_R -> ladder or leader) and word stems (STR -> strong)
What are memories that do not correspond to events that actually happened called?
false or illusory memories
Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure, false memory induction, and imagination inflation are means used to study what?
false memories
A subject reads a list of related words then experiences a brief delay before being asked to recall the words. A participant falsely recalls a critical lure or related word that was not on the original list. What technique of studying memory is being utilized.
Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure
What is a drawback of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) procedure?
it does not occur naturally; must be eliciteed d in a research setting
What is a critical lure?
a word that is falsely recalled in the Deese-Roediger McDermott (DRM) procedure because it is strongly associated with the stimuli
A researcher tells a participant that their family member recalled an incident during the participant’s childhood whereby they stole candy from a store. The participant will initially do what, and over time with repeated questioning, will do this instead.
deny it occurred; recall novel details about the event (false memory)
A participant is asked to repeatedly imagine a false event. Over time, with greater repetition, the participant will show what effect?
greater confidence that the (false) event occurred
Which theory of memory posits that memories create physical changes in the brain that deteriorate over time when not recalled or rehearsed?
trace decay theory
What is the primary criticism of trace decay theory?
not well-supported by research
Which theory of memory posits that a disruption of memories occurs when previous or more recent information takes its place?
interference theory
What are the two types of interference that can occur within interference theory?
proactive and retroactive interference
Previously learned information obstructs a person’s ability to learn or recall new information. What type of interference is occurring?
proactive interference
Newly acquired information obstructs a person’s ability to recall previously learned information. What type of interference is occurring?
retroactive interference
Which memory-improvement technique occurs when a person relates new information with existing and/or personally relevant information to increase its meaningfulness?
elaborative rehearsal (aka semantic encoding)
What is the most effective manner in which to get new information stored in long-term memory and be able to retrieve it later?
elaborative rehearsal
Acronyms and acrostics are used as tools to help with memorizing a list of words. What type of memory-improvement technique is this?
verbal mnemonics
When visual imagery is used to aid in memory, what technique is being used?
visual imagery mnemonics
What are the two types of visual imagery mnemonics?
keyword method and method of loci
Pairing an item or word with a mental image of an object is what type of memory-improvement technique?
keyword method
When each item on a list is paired with an image of an object in a familiar location, what type of memory-improvement technique is being used?
method of loci
When the conditions between learning and encoding are similar, memory and recall tend to improve. What is this theory called?
encoding specificity
What are the two types of encoding specificity?
context-dependent learning and physiological/psychological state
What memory-improvement technique has the strongest benefits for retrieval?
practice testing
Mental processes are responsible for the acquisition of new information and skills, a tenet of _____________.
cognitive learning theories
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory, Kohler’s Insight Learning, & Tolman’s Latent Learning are examples of what category of theory?
cognitive learning theories
In a lab setting, a researcher observed rats learn their way through a maze over time. Some rats received reinforcement whereas others did not until the last trial. All the rats demonstrated that the had acquired knowledge about how to get through the maze. What theory is this?
Tolman’s Latent Learning theory
This theory posits that through insight and problem-solving, humans (and animals) can generate solutions to novel problems and challenges.
Kohler’s Insight Learning theory
This theory posits that behavior is often acquired through observational learning and modeling, as evidenced by results from the Bobo doll study.
Bandura’s Social Cognition theory
