Psychopathology Flashcards
A- dfsm
One strength?
USEFULNESS. Used in clinical practices, (for example the key defining characteristic of antisocial personality disorder.) is the failure to conform to culturally accepting behaviour. Used to diagnose different disorder.
A- si-
One limitation?
DOESN’T CONSIDER THE INFREQUENT CHARACTERISTIC COULD BE POSITIVE. For everyone with an IQ score of 70, there is someone else with a score of 130.
A- ftfa-
What is a strength?
REPRESENTS A THRESHOLD FOR HELP. 25% of people in the UK experience mental health problems, most people press on in the severe symptoms. People seek help when they can no longer function adequately.
A- ftfa-
What is a limitation?
DISCRIMINATION AND SOCIAL NORMS. Can’t tell when people choose to deviate form social norms or when they do not function adequately. H to being able to have a job may be seen as failure to function adequately, others may see this as normal.
A- dfimh-
What is a strength?
A COMPREHENSIVE DEFINITION. Jahodas criteria covers most of the reasons why would seek help. Our mental health can be discussed with a range of different professionals.
A- dfimh-
What is a limitation?
MAY BE CULTURE BOUND. Criteria is firmly focused in the examples of the US and Europe. Self-actualisation can be seen as self indulgent in other places. Lots id variation in the values based on independence, (high in gender shy low in Italy,) we define success in many different ways across different cultures.
A- dfsm-
One limitation?
CULTURAL AND SITUATIONAL RELATIVISM. People form one cultural group may label something as abnormal, but this may not be abnormal in this culture. E.g. hearing voices, some cultures believe this is the voices of the ancestors, but his is considered abnormal in the UK. Difference context within the same cultures, lying is more okay in a family than in a corporate job,
A- si-
One strength?
USEFULNESS. SI is used in clinical practice, as part of a formal diagnosis, and a way to assess the severity of an individuals symptoms. For example, the diagnosis of intellectual personality disorder, requires an IQ of below 70 (about 2%). An example is BDI (Becks depression inventory), a score of 30+ is considered having sever depression.
Phobias- BA- E-
Two strengths?
REAL WORLD APPLICATION. In the TPM, phobia is maintained by avoidance. This shows how people benefit from being exposed to their phobic stimuli. Once the avoidance behaviour is prevented it ceases to be reinforced. In the behavioural terms, the phobia is the avoidance therefore declines.
PHOBIAS AND TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCE. The little Albert study, illustrates how a frightening experience involving a stimulus can lead to a phobia of that stimulus. De Jongh (2006), 73% of people with a fear of dental treatment had had a traumatic experience. Only 21% of the control group without a dental phobia had experienced dental trauma.
Phobias- BA- E-
One limitation?
COGNITIVE ASPECTS OF PHOBIAS. Two process model is geared towards explains behaviours. In phobias a key behaviour is avoidance. However phobias also have a significant cognitive component as individuals have irrational beliefs about i the phobic stimulus.
Phobias- BA- T- SD-
Two strengths?
EVIDENCE OF EFFECTIVENESS. Gilloy (2003), followed 42 people who had SD for spider phobias, in three 45 minute sessions. At 3 and 33 months, the SD group were less fearful than a control group, treated by relaxation not exposure. Wechsler (2019), concluded that SD is effective for specific phobias, social phobias and agoraphobia.
PEOPLE WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES. Some people requiring phobias also have learning disabilities. The main alternatives were not suitable. People with learning disabilities often struggle with cognitive therapy’s that require complex rational thoughts.
Phobias- BA- T- F-
One strength?
COST EFFECTIVE. Clinical effectiveness means how effective a therapy is at tackling symptoms. When we talk about therapies, like within the NHS, we also have to consider how much they cost. A therapy is cost effective if it is clinically effective and nor expensive. Flooding can work in as little as one session, 10 sessions of SD achieved the same effect.
Phobias- BA- T- F-
One limitation?
TRAUMATIC. Schumacher (2015), found all pps and therapists rated flooding as significantly ore stressful than SD. This raises an ethical issue, not too serious as they obtain informed consent. Dropout rates are higher in flooding.
Depression-CA- E- BNT-
Two strengths?
RESEARCH SUPPORT. Cognitive vulnerability refers to ways of thinking that may predispose a person to becoming depressed. For example, faulty information processing, negative self-schema, and the cognitive triad. Clarke and Beck (1999), these cognitive vulnerabilities were most common in depressed people. This was conformed by Cohen (2019), they tracked 473 adolescence, regularly measuring cognitive vulnerability. Showing cognitive vulnerabilities predicted later depression.
REAL-WORLD APPLICATION. Cohen (2019), assessing cognitive vulnerability allowing cognitive psychologists to screen young people, identifying those most at risk. Understanding cognitive vulnerability scam also be linked to cognitive behavioural therapy. Helps to alter the cognitions, hat make people vulnerable to depression.
Depression-CA- E- ABC-
One strength?
REAL WORLD APPLICATION. Ellis’s approach to cognitive therapy is rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT). The idea of REBT is that by vigorously arguing with a depressed person the therapist can alter the irrational beliefs. There is evidence form David (2018) to show REBT can both change negative beliefs and relieve the symptoms.
