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Psychology- Paper 1- Key Terms > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

A-
What are the four definitions of abnormality?

A

Deviation form social norms,
statistical infrequency,
failure to function adequately,
deviation from ideal mental health.

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2
Q

A- dfsm-
What is deviation from social norms?

A

When a person so thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal, violates a the rules about what is expected or acceptable. Norms specific to the culture.

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3
Q

A- dfsm-
What is an example?

A

Homosexuality, and antisocial personality disorder.

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4
Q

A- dfsm-
Within which tribe do women wear brass coils around their neck?

A

The Kayan tribe

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5
Q

A- dfsm-
What tribe are the men from who wear the gloves of stinging ants?

A

The sambia tribe

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6
Q

A- dfsm-
How long and how often did these men have to wear these gloves?

A

10 mins at a time 20 seperate times

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7
Q

A- si-
What is statistical infrequency?

A

Occurs when an individual has a less common characteristics, (being more depressed or less intelligent)

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8
Q

A- si-
What is an example of statistical infrequency?

A

IQ, or interlectual disability disorder

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9
Q

A- ftfa-
What is failure to function adequately?

A

Individual can no longer cope with the demands of everyday life, unable to maintain social standards.

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10
Q

A- ftfa-
What factors were proposed that show when someone is not coping?

A
  • cannot conform to social rules (personal space and eye contact.)
  • severe personal distress
  • behaviour becomes irrational and dangerous
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11
Q

A- ftfa-
What is an example of failure to function adequately?

A

Intellectual disability disorder.

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12
Q

A- dfimh-
What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

When we consider what makes our mental health ‘normal’ and it must be alternative or deviant from that

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13
Q

A- dfimh-
What are the requirements that we must meet to be considered to have ideal mental health?

A
  • no symptoms of distress,
  • we are rational and can perceive ourselves accurately.
  • we self-actualise.
  • we can cope with issues.
  • we have a realisation view off the world.
  • we have good self esteem and a lack of guilt.
  • we are independent of other people.
  • we can work, love and enjoy out leisure.
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14
Q

A- dfimh-
What is an example?

A

Inability to have a job

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15
Q

.

A
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16
Q

Phobias-
What is a specific phobia?

A

Phobia of an object, such as an animal or boost part, or situation

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17
Q

Phobias-
What is social anxiety?

A

Phobia of a social situation,, such as OOP liv speaking

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18
Q

Phobias- bc-
What are the behavioural characteristics?

A

AVOIDANCE- immediate response is to avoid the phobia
PANIC- causes high levels of stress and anxiety
ENDURANCE- choose to remain in the presence of the stimuli

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19
Q

Phobias- ec-
What are the emotional characteristics?

A

INCREASED ANXIETY- phobias provide an extreme emotional response
FEAR- immediate and extreme response

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20
Q

Phobias- cc-
Cognitive characteristics?

A

SELECTIVE ATTENTION- find it difficult to direct their attention
IRRATIONAL THINKING- towards the object of the phobia

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21
Q

Depression- bc-
What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A

ACTIVITY LEVELS- reduced energy levels
DISRUPTION OF SLEEPING AND EATING BEHAVIOUR- increasing insomnia or reduced eating
AGGRESSION AND SELF-HARM - irritable and possibly verbally or physically aggressive

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22
Q

Depression- ec-
What are emotional characteristics?

A

LOWERED MOOD- becomes more pronounced daily
ANGER- can lead to self harm, can be directed at themselves or others
LOWERED SELF-ESTEEM- can feel self loathing

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23
Q

Depression- cc-
What are the cognitive characteristics?

A

POOR CONCENTRATION- unable to stick to tasks and hard to make decisions
DWELLING ON THE NEGATIVE- bias towards negative events
ABSOLUTIST THINKING- situations are all good or all bad

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24
Q

OCD- bc-
What are the behavioural characteristics?

A

COMPULSIONS ARE REPETITIVE- compelled to repeat a behaviour
COMPULSIONS REDICE ANXIETY- manage anxiety produced by obsession
AVOIDANCE- can prevent people from having a normal life

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25
Q

OCD- bc-
What are the emotional characteristics?

A

ANXIETY AND DISTRESS- unpleasant emotional experience
ACCOMPANYING DEPRESSION- often experience depression with OCD
GUILT AND DISGUST- involves guilt over issues

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26
Q

OCD- cc-
What are the cognitive characteristics?

A

OBSESSIVE THOUGHTS- 90% have obsessive thoughts
COGNITIVE COPING THEORIES- help to manage anxiety
INSIGHT INTO ACCESSIBLE ANXIETY- aware the obsessions are not rational

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27
Q

Phobias- BA- E-
What role does classical conditioning play?

A

Acquisition

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28
Q

Phobias- BA- E-
What study was conducted?

A

Little Albert

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29
Q

Phobias- BA- E-
What is operant conditioning used for?

A

Maintenance

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30
Q

Phobias- BA- E-
How is negative reinforcement used?

A

The removal of something negative when they avoid a situation with their object of their phobia.

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31
Q

Phobias- BA- E-
What model was out forward within the behaviourist approach?

A

Two process model

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32
Q

Phobias- BA- T
What are the two ways to treat phobias?

A

Systematic desensitisation, and flooding

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33
Q

Phobias- BA- T
What is systematic desensitisation?

A

A behavioural therapy designed to gradually reduce public anxiety through the principle of classical conditioning,

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34
Q

Phobias- BA- T
What do patients learn through systematic desensitisation?

A

Can learn to relax in the presence of their phobia.

35
Q

Phobias- BA- T
What is ‘counter conditions’?

A

When a patient learns a new response to their phobic stimulus

36
Q

Phobias- BA- T
How is classical conditioning used in treating phobias?

A

Turns negative reinforcement into a positive one,

37
Q

Phobias- BA- T
What are the three stages of treating phobias?

A
  1. Creates an anxiety hierarchy
  2. Relaxation
  3. Exposure
38
Q

Phobias- BA- T
What is flooding?

A

Involves direct and immediate exposure to phobic stimulus

39
Q

Phobias- BA- T
What do we have to be careful of when talking about flooding?

A

Ethical guidelines

40
Q

Depression- explaining- CA-
What is becks negative tried?

A

FAULTY INFORMATION PROCESSING
NEGATIVE SELF SCEMA
THE NEGATIVE TRIAD

41
Q

Depression- explaining- CA-
What is faulty information processing?

A

Attend to the negative aspects of a situation, unusually ‘black and white’ thinking

42
Q

Depression- explaining- CA-
What is a schema?

A

A packet of information developed through experience

43
Q

Depression- explaining- CA-
What is a negative self schema?

A

A self schema is the information they have about themselves, so a negative self schema is one where we view ourselves negatively

44
Q

Depression- explaining- CA-
What is the negative triad

A

Three types of negative thinking,
Negative view of the t world
Negative view of the future
Negative view of the self

45
Q

Depression- explaining- CA-
What is the ‘A’ in Ellis ABC model?

A

Activating event, event where irrational thoughts are triggered by external events.

46
Q

Depression- explaining- CA-
What is the ‘B’ in Ellis ABC model?

A

Beliefs, identified a range of irrational beliefs, such as: musturbation’, Utopianism’.

47
Q

Depression- explaining- CA-
What is ‘musturbation’?

A

The belief we must always succeed

48
Q

Depression- explaining- CA-
What is ‘i-cant-stand-this-itis’?

A

Major issue when something doesn’t go smoothly.

49
Q

Depression- explaining- CA-
What is ‘utopianism’?

A

Belief that life is always meant to be fair

50
Q

Depression- explaining- CA-
What is the ‘C’ in Ellis ABC model?

A

Consequences, activating event gives emotional and behavioural consequences.

51
Q

Depression-
What is major depressive disorder?

A

Severe but often short-term depression

52
Q

Depression-
What is persistent depressive disorder?

A

Long-term or reoccurring depression.

53
Q

Depression-
What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

A

Childhood temper tantrums

54
Q

Depression-
What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder?

A

Disruption to mood prior to and/or during menstruation

55
Q

Depression-CA- T-
What is the most common form of depression treatment?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)

56
Q

Depression-CA- T-
What is the cognitive element of CBT?

A

Begins with an assessment in which the client and the cognitive behaviour therapist work together to clarify the clients problems. they jointly choose goals, and out together a plan to reach them.

57
Q

Depression-CA- T-
What is the behavioural element of CBT?

A

CBT then involves working to change negative and irrational thoughts, and finally put more effective behaviours into place.

58
Q

Depression-CA- T-
What is cognitive therapy?

A

The application of Becks cognitive theory of depression.

59
Q

Depression-CA- T-
What is the idea behind cognitive therapy?

A

To identify automatic thoughts about the world, the self, and the future

60
Q

Depression-CA- T-
What does cognitive therapy aim to do?

A

Aims to help the clients test the reality of their negative beliefs.

61
Q

Depression-CA- T-
What does rational emotive behaviour therapy extend Ellis’s ABC model to?

A

The ABCDE model.

62
Q

Depression-CA- T-
What does the D stand for in the ABCDE model?

A

Dispute

63
Q

Depression-CA- T-
What does the E stand for in the ABCDE model?

A

Effect

64
Q

Depression-CA- T-
What is the main aspect of the REBT model?

A

Identify and dispute irrational thoughts

65
Q

Depression-CA- T-
What is the goal of behavioural activation?

A

To work with depressed individuals to gradually decrease their avoidance and isolation, and increase their engagement in activities that have been shown to improve mood

66
Q

OCD-
What is OCD?

A

Characterised by either obsessions, and or compulsions. Most people with OCD have both.

67
Q

OCD-
What is Triichotilomania?

A

Compulsive hair pulling

68
Q

OCD-
What is hoarding disorder?

A

The compulsive gathering of items and the inability to part with anything, regardless of value.

69
Q

OCD-
What is excoriation disorder?

A

Compulsive skin picking

70
Q

OCD- BA- E- G-
What are candidate genes?

A

Genes which create a vulnerability for OCD. Some of these regulate serotonin,

71
Q

OCD- BA- E- G-
What is an example of a candidate gene?

A

5HT1-D

72
Q

OCD- BA- E- G-
What does polygenic mean?

A

OCD is not caused by one single gene, but is a combination of of genetic vulnerabilities which increase vulnerability to OCD.

73
Q

OCD- BA- E- G-
What is aetiologically heterogenous?

A

The origins of OCD may differ from one person to another.

74
Q

OCD- BA- E- N-
What is the role of serotonin?

A

Serotonin is believed to help regulate mood.

75
Q

OCD- BA- E- N-
What are decision making systems?

A

Some types of OCD is associated with poor decision making. This is associated with abnormal functioning of the frontal lobe, which is responsible for logical thinking and despising making.

76
Q

OCD- BA- T- D-
What does OCD decrease (neurotransmitter)

A

Serotonin

77
Q

OCD- BA- T- D-
What dies SSRI stand for?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors

78
Q

OCD- BA- T- S-
What do SSRIs prevent?

A

The reabsorbsion of serotonin.

79
Q

OCD- BA- T- D-
How can patients take SSRIs?

A

Pills or syrups

80
Q

OCD- BA- T- C-
What goes alongside SSRIs?

A

CBT

81
Q

OCD- BA- T- C-
What does CBT reduce?

A

Emotional symptoms, such as anxiety and depression.

82
Q

OCD- BA- T- A-
What is an SNRI?

A

Different antidepressant, it increases serotonin and also noradrenaline

83
Q

OCD- BA- T- A-
What are Tricyclics?

A

Increases serotonin, more severe side effects.

Psychology- Paper 1- Key Terms (4 decks)

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