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Psychology- Paper 1- Key Terms > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

A-
What are the four definitions of abnormality?

A

Deviation form social norms,
statistical infrequency,
failure to function adequately,
deviation from ideal mental health.

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2
Q

A- dfsm-
What is deviation from social norms?

A

When a person so thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal, violates a the rules about what is expected or acceptable. Norms specific to the culture.

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3
Q

A- dfsm-
What is an example?

A

Homosexuality, and antisocial personality disorder.

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4
Q

A- dfsm-
Within which tribe do women wear brass coils around their neck?

A

The Kayan tribe

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5
Q

A- dfsm-
What tribe are the men from who wear the gloves of stinging ants?

A

The sambia tribe

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6
Q

A- dfsm-
How long and how often did these men have to wear these gloves?

A

10 mins at a time 20 seperate times

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7
Q

A- si-
What is statistical infrequency?

A

Occurs when an individual has a less common characteristics, (being more depressed or less intelligent)

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8
Q

A- si-
What is an example of statistical infrequency?

A

IQ, or interlectual disability disorder

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9
Q

A- ftfa-
What is failure to function adequately?

A

Individual can no longer cope with the demands of everyday life, unable to maintain social standards.

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10
Q

A- ftfa-
What factors were proposed that show when someone is not coping?

A
  • cannot conform to social rules (personal space and eye contact.)
  • severe personal distress
  • behaviour becomes irrational and dangerous
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11
Q

A- ftfa-
What is an example of failure to function adequately?

A

Intellectual disability disorder.

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12
Q

A- dfimh-
What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

When we consider what makes our mental health ‘normal’ and it must be alternative or deviant from that

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13
Q

A- dfimh-
What are the requirements that we must meet to be considered to have ideal mental health?

A
  • no symptoms of distress,
  • we are rational and can perceive ourselves accurately.
  • we self-actualise.
  • we can cope with issues.
  • we have a realisation view off the world.
  • we have good self esteem and a lack of guilt.
  • we are independent of other people.
  • we can work, love and enjoy out leisure.
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14
Q

A- dfimh-
What is an example?

A

Inability to have a job

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15
Q

.

A
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16
Q

Phobias-
What is a specific phobia?

A

Phobia of an object, such as an animal or boost part, or situation

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17
Q

Phobias-
What is social anxiety?

A

Phobia of a social situation,, such as OOP liv speaking

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18
Q

Phobias- bc-
What are the behavioural characteristics?

A

AVOIDANCE- immediate response is to avoid the phobia
PANIC- causes high levels of stress and anxiety
ENDURANCE- choose to remain in the presence of the stimuli

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19
Q

Phobias- ec-
What are the emotional characteristics?

A

INCREASED ANXIETY- phobias provide an extreme emotional response
FEAR- immediate and extreme response

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20
Q

Phobias- cc-
Cognitive characteristics?

A

SELECTIVE ATTENTION- find it difficult to direct their attention
IRRATIONAL THINKING- towards the object of the phobia

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21
Q

Depression- bc-
What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A

ACTIVITY LEVELS- reduced energy levels
DISRUPTION OF SLEEPING AND EATING BEHAVIOUR- increasing insomnia or reduced eating
AGGRESSION AND SELF-HARM - irritable and possibly verbally or physically aggressive

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22
Q

Depression- ec-
What are emotional characteristics?

A

LOWERED MOOD- becomes more pronounced daily
ANGER- can lead to self harm, can be directed at themselves or others
LOWERED SELF-ESTEEM- can feel self loathing

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23
Q

Depression- cc-
What are the cognitive characteristics?

A

POOR CONCENTRATION- unable to stick to tasks and hard to make decisions
DWELLING ON THE NEGATIVE- bias towards negative events
ABSOLUTIST THINKING- situations are all good or all bad

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24
Q

OCD- bc-
What are the behavioural characteristics?

A

COMPULSIONS ARE REPETITIVE- compelled to repeat a behaviour
COMPULSIONS REDICE ANXIETY- manage anxiety produced by obsession
AVOIDANCE- can prevent people from having a normal life

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25
OCD- bc- What are the emotional characteristics?
ANXIETY AND DISTRESS- unpleasant emotional experience ACCOMPANYING DEPRESSION- often experience depression with OCD GUILT AND DISGUST- involves guilt over issues
26
OCD- cc- What are the cognitive characteristics?
OBSESSIVE THOUGHTS- 90% have obsessive thoughts COGNITIVE COPING THEORIES- help to manage anxiety INSIGHT INTO ACCESSIBLE ANXIETY- aware the obsessions are not rational
27
Phobias- BA- E- What role does classical conditioning play?
Acquisition
28
Phobias- BA- E- What study was conducted?
Little Albert
29
Phobias- BA- E- What is operant conditioning used for?
Maintenance
30
Phobias- BA- E- How is negative reinforcement used?
The removal of something negative when they avoid a situation with their object of their phobia.
31
Phobias- BA- E- What model was out forward within the behaviourist approach?
Two process model
32
Phobias- BA- T What are the two ways to treat phobias?
Systematic desensitisation, and flooding
33
Phobias- BA- T What is systematic desensitisation?
A behavioural therapy designed to gradually reduce public anxiety through the principle of classical conditioning,
34
Phobias- BA- T What do patients learn through systematic desensitisation?
Can learn to relax in the presence of their phobia.
35
Phobias- BA- T What is ‘counter conditions’?
When a patient learns a new response to their phobic stimulus
36
Phobias- BA- T How is classical conditioning used in treating phobias?
Turns negative reinforcement into a positive one,
37
Phobias- BA- T What are the three stages of treating phobias?
1. Creates an anxiety hierarchy 2. Relaxation 3. Exposure
38
Phobias- BA- T What is flooding?
Involves direct and immediate exposure to phobic stimulus
39
Phobias- BA- T What do we have to be careful of when talking about flooding?
Ethical guidelines
40
Depression- explaining- CA- What is becks negative tried?
FAULTY INFORMATION PROCESSING NEGATIVE SELF SCEMA THE NEGATIVE TRIAD
41
Depression- explaining- CA- What is faulty information processing?
Attend to the negative aspects of a situation, unusually ‘black and white’ thinking
42
Depression- explaining- CA- What is a schema?
A packet of information developed through experience
43
Depression- explaining- CA- What is a negative self schema?
A self schema is the information they have about themselves, so a negative self schema is one where we view ourselves negatively
44
Depression- explaining- CA- What is the negative triad
Three types of negative thinking, Negative view of the t world Negative view of the future Negative view of the self
45
Depression- explaining- CA- What is the ‘A’ in Ellis ABC model?
Activating event, event where irrational thoughts are triggered by external events.
46
Depression- explaining- CA- What is the ‘B’ in Ellis ABC model?
Beliefs, identified a range of irrational beliefs, such as: musturbation’, Utopianism’.
47
Depression- explaining- CA- What is ‘musturbation’?
The belief we must always succeed
48
Depression- explaining- CA- What is ‘i-cant-stand-this-itis’?
Major issue when something doesn’t go smoothly.
49
Depression- explaining- CA- What is ‘utopianism’?
Belief that life is always meant to be fair
50
Depression- explaining- CA- What is the ‘C’ in Ellis ABC model?
Consequences, activating event gives emotional and behavioural consequences.
51
Depression- What is major depressive disorder?
Severe but often short-term depression
52
Depression- What is persistent depressive disorder?
Long-term or reoccurring depression.
53
Depression- What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
Childhood temper tantrums
54
Depression- What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder?
Disruption to mood prior to and/or during menstruation
55
Depression-CA- T- What is the most common form of depression treatment?
Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT)
56
Depression-CA- T- What is the cognitive element of CBT?
Begins with an assessment in which the client and the cognitive behaviour therapist work together to clarify the clients problems. they jointly choose goals, and out together a plan to reach them.
57
Depression-CA- T- What is the behavioural element of CBT?
CBT then involves working to change negative and irrational thoughts, and finally put more effective behaviours into place.
58
Depression-CA- T- What is cognitive therapy?
The application of Becks cognitive theory of depression.
59
Depression-CA- T- What is the idea behind cognitive therapy?
To identify automatic thoughts about the world, the self, and the future
60
Depression-CA- T- What does cognitive therapy aim to do?
Aims to help the clients test the reality of their negative beliefs.
61
Depression-CA- T- What does rational emotive behaviour therapy extend Ellis’s ABC model to?
The ABCDE model.
62
Depression-CA- T- What does the D stand for in the ABCDE model?
Dispute
63
Depression-CA- T- What does the E stand for in the ABCDE model?
Effect
64
Depression-CA- T- What is the main aspect of the REBT model?
Identify and dispute irrational thoughts
65
Depression-CA- T- What is the goal of behavioural activation?
To work with depressed individuals to gradually decrease their avoidance and isolation, and increase their engagement in activities that have been shown to improve mood
66
OCD- What is OCD?
Characterised by either obsessions, and or compulsions. Most people with OCD have both.
67
OCD- What is Triichotilomania?
Compulsive hair pulling
68
OCD- What is hoarding disorder?
The compulsive gathering of items and the inability to part with anything, regardless of value.
69
OCD- What is excoriation disorder?
Compulsive skin picking
70
OCD- BA- E- G- What are candidate genes?
Genes which create a vulnerability for OCD. Some of these regulate serotonin,
71
OCD- BA- E- G- What is an example of a candidate gene?
5HT1-D
72
OCD- BA- E- G- What does polygenic mean?
OCD is not caused by one single gene, but is a combination of of genetic vulnerabilities which increase vulnerability to OCD.
73
OCD- BA- E- G- What is aetiologically heterogenous?
The origins of OCD may differ from one person to another.
74
OCD- BA- E- N- What is the role of serotonin?
Serotonin is believed to help regulate mood.
75
OCD- BA- E- N- What are decision making systems?
Some types of OCD is associated with poor decision making. This is associated with abnormal functioning of the frontal lobe, which is responsible for logical thinking and despising making.
76
OCD- BA- T- D- What does OCD decrease (neurotransmitter)
Serotonin
77
OCD- BA- T- D- What dies SSRI stand for?
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
78
OCD- BA- T- S- What do SSRIs prevent?
The reabsorbsion of serotonin.
79
OCD- BA- T- D- How can patients take SSRIs?
Pills or syrups
80
OCD- BA- T- C- What goes alongside SSRIs?
CBT
81
OCD- BA- T- C- What does CBT reduce?
Emotional symptoms, such as anxiety and depression.
82
OCD- BA- T- A- What is an SNRI?
Different antidepressant, it increases serotonin and also noradrenaline
83
OCD- BA- T- A- What are Tricyclics?
Increases serotonin, more severe side effects.

Psychology- Paper 1- Key Terms (4 decks)

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