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Psychology- Paper 1- Key Terms > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions-
What is reciprocity?

A

When a person responds to another and elicits a response.

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2
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions-
What is an example of reciprocity?

A

A caregiver will respond to a baby’s smile by saying somethings to them, and then this would in turn elicit a response.

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3
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions-
What are alert phases?

A

This is when babies signal that they are ready for interaction. Mothers typically respond two thirds of the time.

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4
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions-
How old. Is the baby when alert phases become more frequent?

A

Around 3 months

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5
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions-
What is active involvement?

A

Old research shows infants have a passive involvement, and are simply looked after tabby parents. More recent research shows that infants also play an active role.

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6
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions-
What is interactional synchrony?

A

Two individuals carry out the same action at the same time.
The temporary synchronisation of micro-level social behaviours

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7
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions-
When does interactional synchrony occur?

A

As young as two weeks old.

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8
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions-
What is the importance of attachment?

A

Interactional synchrony is important to to create a relationship between a caregiver and infant.

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9
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
What is the first stage?

A

Asocial stage

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10
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
What is the asocial stage?

A

Observable behaviours is the same towards people as it is towards inanimate objects

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11
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
What is the second stage?

A

The indiscriminate stage

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12
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
What is the ‘indiscriminate’ stage?

A

Babies display more observable social behaviours. Infants begin to prefer people over inanimate objects.

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13
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
In what stage do stranger and separation anxiety occur?

A

In the indiscriminate stage

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14
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
What age does the asocial stage occur?

A

The first few weeks of life

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15
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
When does the ‘indiscriminate’ stage occur?

A

From 2 to 7 months

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16
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
What is the third stage?

A

The specifics attachment stage

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17
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
What is the ‘specific attachment’ stage?

A

Infant displays the classic signs of attachment to one specific person. This includes stranger and separation anxiety. This is where the primary attachment figure is identified

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18
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
What age does the ‘specific attachment’ stage occur?

A

From around 7 months

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19
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
What is the fourth stage?

A

Multiple attachment stage

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20
Q

Schaffers stages of attachment-
What is the ‘multiple attachment’ stage?

A

Once the primary attachment is developed, infants begin to extend this behaviour to others

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21
Q

The role of the father-
Are fathers more or less likely to become the primary attachment figure?

A

Less

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22
Q

The role of the father-
What percentage of infants had their father as their primary attachment?

A

3%

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23
Q

The role of the father-
What percentage of infants had the father as the first join attachment?

A

27%

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24
Q

The role of the father-
What percentage of infants developed an atttachmetn with their fathers?

A

75% by 18 months

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25
Q

The role of the father-
Whose attachment (mothers or fathers) was related to attachments in adolescence?

A

Mothers

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26
Q

The role of the father-
What was the fathers quality of attachment related to?

A

The quality of play related to the quality of attachment in adolescence.

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27
Q

The role of the father-
Are fathers able to be the primary attachment figures?

A

Yes, they are Abel to take on an emotional role, that is typically associated with the mother.

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28
Q

Animal studies of attachment-
Who studied geese?

A

Lorenz

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29
Q

Animal studies of attachment-
What did Lorenz investigate?

A

Imprinting and sexual imprinting

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30
Q

Animal studies of attachment-
What is imprinting?

A

Bird species, which are active from birth, follow the first moving object that they see.

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31
Q

Animal studies of attachment-
What is a critical period?

A

A time frame in which imprinting needs to take place.

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32
Q

Animal studies of attachment-
What animal was studies when looking into sexual imprinting?

A

A peacock

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33
Q

Animal studies of attachment-
What is sexual imprinting?

A

Attachment as a child effected adult male preferences.
(Peacock raised with giant tortoises, this peacock showed courting behaviour to giant tortoises no t peacocks)

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34
Q

Animal studies of attachment-
What did Harlow investigate?

A

The importance of contact comfort.

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35
Q

Animal studies of attachment-
What animal did Harlow research?

A

Monkeys

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36
Q

Animal studies of attachment-
What were the two kind of mothers in Harlows experiment?

A

Wire mother, and cloth mother

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37
Q

Animal studies of attachment-
What else did Harlow investigate?

A

How maternal deprivation affected monkeys in adulthood.

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38
Q

Animal studies of attachment-
What was the critical period for monkeyS?

A

90 days

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39
Q

EoA- learning theory-
What is ‘cupboard love’?

A

It emphasises the importance of the attachment figure as a provider of food. Proposes that children learn to love though food.

40
Q

EoA- learning theory-
How is classical conditioning linked to the learning theory?

A

Involves learning to associate two stimuli together, so that we begin to react in one way as we do to the other.

41
Q

EoA- learning theory-
How does operant conditioning link to this theory?

A

Involves learning form the consequences of a behaviour. If a behaviour produces a positive outcome, then the behaviour is reinforced.

42
Q

EoA- learning theory-
What does operant conditioning explain?

A

Why babies cry for comfort

43
Q

EoA- learning theory-
What is an example of a primary drive?

A

Hunger

44
Q

EoA- learning theory-
What is an example of a secondary drive?

A

Attachment

45
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
Why did Bowlby disagree with the learning theory?

A

Because infants should easily take to anyone who feeds them, which is not true.

46
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What kind of expansion is Bowlbys?

A

An evolutionary explanation.

47
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What is monotrophy?

A

Because he based great emphasis on one particular caregiver.

48
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What did the theory state?

A

That one attachment, the primary caregiver, is more important than all of the others.

49
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What is the law of continuity?

A

Stated that the more constant and predicable a child’s care, the better quality their attachment

50
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What is the ‘law of accumulated separation’?

A

States that the effects of everyday separation from their mother adds up ‘and the safest dose is therefore a zero dose’

51
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What did Bowlby suggest about social releasers?

A

Babies are born with a set of ‘cute’ behaviours which include smiling, cooing and gripping to encourage the attention from adults.

52
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What is the purpose of social releasers?

A

To activate adult social interaction and to make an adult attach to an infant.

53
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What critical period did Bowlby propose?

A

Six months

54
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What did Bowlby state the sensitive period was?

A

Between 6 months an 2 years

55
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What is the internal working model?

A

Proposes that a child forms a mental representation of their relationship with their primary attachment figure. The internal working model, servers as a model for what the relationship looks like,

56
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What is an example of the internal working model?

A

If a chid has a goof, reliable attachment with their e caregiver, then they will form an expectation of all future relationships.

57
Q

EoA- Bowlby’s monotropic theory-
What does the internal working model effect?

A

How they bond with their own children

58
Q

Types of attachment-
What was the aim of the strange situation?

A

Aim was to observe key attachment behaviours as a means of assessing the quality of a baby’s attachment with their caregiver

59
Q

Types of attachment-
What behaviours were used in the storage situation to assess attachment?

A

Proximity seeking, exploration and secure base behaviour, stranger anxiety, separation anxiety, and response to reunion

60
Q

Types of attachment-
What is proximity seeking?

A

A baby with a good quality attachment witless stay close to the caregiver

61
Q

Types of attachment-
What is exploration and secure based behaviour?

A

In a good quality attachments baby should feel confident to explore, using their caregiver as a secure base

62
Q

Types of attachment-
What is stranger anxiety?

A

Within a good quality attachment a baby will display distress when a a stranger approaches

63
Q

Types of attachment-
What is seperatinon entirety?

A

Within a good quality attachment, a baby will show distress when they are separated form the caregiver

64
Q

Types of attachment-
What is response to reunion?

A

Within a good quality attachment when caregiver and baby are reunited the baby will seek comfort and feel pressure

65
Q

Types of attachment-
What were the seven steps in the strange situation?

A
  1. Baby is encouraged to explore,
  2. A stranger comes in, talks to the caregiver and approaches the baby
  3. The caregiver leaves the stranger and the baby together
  4. The caregiver returns and the stranger leaves
  5. The caregiver leaves the baby alone
  6. The stranger returns
  7. The caregiver returns and is reunited with the baby
66
Q

Types of attachment-
What are the three types of attachment?

A

Secure attachment
Insecure-avoidant attachment
Insecure-resistant attachment

67
Q

Types of attachment-
What is the definition of a secure attachment?

A

Happily explore but regularly go back to the caregiver. They shoe moderate separation distress and moderate separation anxiety. They accept comfort form the caregiver upon reunion.

68
Q

Types of attachment-
What is the definition of insecure-avoidant attachment?

A

Explore freely but do not seek proximity. They shoe little or no reaction if the caregiver leaves. They make little or no contact with the caregiver upon return.

69
Q

Types of attachment-
What is the definition of insecure-resistant attachment?

A

These people seek greater proximity, so they explore less. They show high levels of stress within stranger and separation anxiety.

70
Q

Cultural variations in attachment-
What was the point of Van Ijzenoorn and Kroonenbergs research?

A

To investigate the proportions of secure, insecure-resistant, and insecure-avoidant attachment types across different cultures.

71
Q

Cultural variations in attachment-
What did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg use?

A

A meta analysis of 32 studies of the strange situation.

72
Q

Cultural variations in attachment-
What other cultures were studies completed in?

A

An Italian study and a Korean study.

73
Q

Cultural variations in attachment-
What were the convulsions of the cultural research?

A

Secure attachment seems to be the norm in a wide range of countries, supporting Bowlby idea that attachment is innate and universal and this type is the universal norm.

74
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
What is the idea of maternal deprivation?

A

The idea that the continual presence of the mother is essential to normal psychological development for babies and toddlers, both emotionally and intellectually.

75
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
What is separation?

A

The child not being in the presence of their primary attachment figure.

76
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
When does a child become deprived?

A

When they no longer receive emotional care. This could be even when the mother is present, if they suffer from post party m depression.

77
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
What do extended separations lead to?

A

Deprivation

78
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
What did Bowlby believe the critical period was?

A

Two and a half years.

79
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
Until what age did the sensitive period occur?

A

Up until aged 5

80
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
What are the effects on intellectual development?

A

Delayed intellectual development resulting in an abnormally low IQ.

81
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
What is the effect on emotional development?

A

Children a re more likely to develop affecitonless psychopathy

82
Q

Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation-
What was Bowlbys research int o maternal deprivation called?

A

44 thieves study.

83
Q

Romanian orphan studies-
What did the orphan studies loo into?

A

The effects of deprivation on emotional and intellectual development.

84
Q

Romanian orphan studies-
What is the ERA?

A

English-Romanian adoptee

85
Q

Romanian orphan studies-
What ages were the Romanian orphans assessed by Rutter?

A

4, 6, 11, 15 and 22 to 25

86
Q

Romanian orphan studies-
Was the mean IQ of children adopted ‘before 6 months’ higher of lower than the children adopted between ‘6 months and 2 years’?

A

Higher

87
Q

Romanian orphan studies-
Which of the children experiment disinhibited attachments?

A

Children adopted after 6 months

88
Q

Romanian orphan studies-
What did dusting the strange situation find?

A

Only 19% of the control gourd were classed as securely attached. 44% had a disinhibited attachment

89
Q

Romanian orphan studies-
What is a disinhibited attachment?

A

Being equally friendly and affectionate towards familiar people and strangers

90
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
What does the internal working model suggest?

A

That a baby’s first relationship leads to a mental representation of this relationship.

91
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
What does the internal working model effect?

A

All future relationships.

92
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
What attachment type is said to be associated with the best quality childhood relationships?

A

Securely attached baby’s

93
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
What behaviours can be predicted by attachment types?

A

Bullying

94
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
What attachment type was most likely to be bullies?

A

Insecure-avoidant= most likely to be victims
Insecure-resistant= most likely to be bullies.

95
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
What two major adult relationships food the internal working model effect?

A

Romantic relationships and parental relationships with their own children

96
Q

Influence of early attachment on later relationships-
What doe people tend to base their parenting style on?

A

How they were parented

Psychology- Paper 1- Key Terms (4 decks)

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