Memeory

Question 1

CCD- coding-
What is coding?

Answer 1

Information sis stored in different ways in memory, depending on the memory store. The process of converting is called coding.

Question 2

CCD- duration-
What is duration?

Answer 2

How long memories can be stored in each store

Question 3

CCD- capacity-
What is capacity?

Answer 3

How much each memory store can store

Question 4

MSM-
What is the sensory register?

Answer 4

This is where the environmental stimuli enters,

Question 5

MSM-
How many register as are in sensory memory?

Answer 5

5 for ht five senses

Question 6

MSM-
What is iconic memory?

Answer 6

Coding for visual information

Question 7

MSM-
What is echoic memory?

Answer 7

Coding for acoustic information

Question 8

MSM-
What is the duration of the sensory register?

Answer 8

Less than half a second.

Question 9

MSM-
What is the capacity for sensory memory?

Answer 9

Very high, for example over 100 million cells in each eye storing information

Question 10

MSM-
What is needed for memories to pass on through the sensory register?

Answer 10

Pay attention

Question 11

MSM- STM-
How is short term memory coded?

Answer 11

Mainly acoustically

Question 12

MSM- STM-
What is the duration (without rehersal)?

Answer 12

About 18s

Question 13

MSM- STM-
What is STM capacity?

Answer 13

7 +/- 2

Question 14

MSM- STM-
What is maintenance rehersal?

Answer 14

When we repeat information to ourselves over and over again, we can keep information in our STM as long as this occurs.

Question 15

MSM- STM-
What makes memories go form the STM to the LTM?

Answer 15

Continuous maintenance rehersal

Question 16

MSM- LTM-
What is the capacity?

Answer 16

Limitless

Question 17

MSM- LTM-
What is the duration?

Answer 17

A lifetime

Question 18

MSM- LTM-
How is it coded?

Answer 18

Mostly semantically

Question 19

MSM- LTM-
How do we access memories form the LTM?

Answer 19

Through retrieval

Question 20

WMM-
What is the working memory model concerned with?

Answer 20

The mental space which is activated when we are temporarily storing memory’s.

Question 21

WMM-
What is the central executive?

Answer 21

Has a supervisory role, it: monitors data, directs our attention, and allocates subsystems to tasks.

Question 22

WMM-
What is the capacity of the central executive?

Answer 22

Has a limited (processing) capacity and Connor store information

Question 23

WMM-
What is the phonological loop?

Answer 23

It deals with auditory information (coding is acoustic), and preserve the order in which the information arrives.

Question 24

WMM-
What two sections is the phonological loop split into?

Answer 24

The phonological store- which stores the words you hear
The articulatory process- which allows maintenance rehearsal.

Question 25

WMM- What is the duration of the phonological loop?

Answer 25

2s of auditory information

Question 26

WMM- What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 26

Stores visual and/or spatial information when required.

Question 27

WMM- What is the capacity of the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 27

Limited capacity (Baddley said it was 3 to 4 objects)

Question 28

WMM- What was the visuospatial sketchpad split into?

Answer 28

The visual cache- stores visual data. The inner scribe- records the arrangement of objects in the visual field

Question 29

WMM- What is the episodic buffer?

Answer 29

It is a temporary store for information. Integrating the visual, spatial and verbal information and maintaining a sense of time sequencing. Recording episodes that are happening.

Question 30

WMM- What does the episodic buffer link?

Answer 30

The working memory and the long term memory

Question 31

Explanations of forgetting- interference- What are the two the-se of interference?

Answer 31

Pros active interference and retroactive interference

Question 32

Explanations of forgetting- interference- What is proactive interference?

Answer 32

Older memories interfere with new ones

Question 33

Explanations of forgetting- interference- What is retroactive interference?

Answer 33

A new memory interferes with old ones

Question 34

Explanations of forgetting- interference- What is interference?

Answer 34

When two pieces of information disrupt each other, resulting in forgetting/distorting one or both pieces of information

Question 35

Explanations of forgetting- interference- Within which memory store does interference occur within?

Answer 35

Long term memory

Question 36

Explanations of forgetting- interference- What did interference study’s change as the independent variable?

Answer 36

Changing th amount of similarity within each list or material

Question 37

Explanations of forgetting- interference- Why does interference affect recall?

Answer 37

PI- previously stored information makes it more difficult to store new similar information. RI- new information overwrites previous similar memories

Question 38

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure- What is retrieval failure due to?

Answer 38

The absence of sufficient cues

Question 39

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure- What is retrieval failure?

Answer 39

When memories are first laces, cues are stored at the same time, if the cues are absent then it will appear as if we have forgotten the information.

Question 40

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure- ESP- What does the encoding specificity principle?

Answer 40

The cues have to be: - present at encoding - present at retrieval If the cues are different or not present it will appear as if we have forgotten

Question 41

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure- ESP- What are the two types of forgetting?

Answer 41

Context-depending forgetting and state dependant forgetting

Question 42

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure- ESP- What is context dependant forgetting?

Answer 42

Recall depends on external cue

Question 43

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure- ESP- What is state dependant forgetting?

Answer 43

Recall depends on internal cue

Question 44

ET- misleading information- LQ- What are leading questions?

Answer 44

The wording of a question may lead, or mislead, the people who the question is being asked to.

Question 45

ET- misleading information- LQ- What are misleading questions an issue with?

Answer 45

Eyewitness testimonies

Question 46

ET- misleading information- LQ- What research corresponded to eyewitness testimonies?

Answer 46

The pps watch a car crash. ‘About how fast were the cars travelling when they _____ into each other?’

Question 47

ET- misleading information- LQ- Why do misleading questions effect the eyewitness testimony?

Answer 47

Due to the response bias explanation. (Believes the wording has no effect on memories, but influences how they decide to answer.)

Question 48

ET- misleading information- LQ- What is the response bias explanation?

Answer 48

The word sing of the question has no real effect on the participants memories, bit just influences how they decide to answer.

Question 49

ET- misleading information- P-ED- What is post event discussion?

Answer 49

When experiences, of the inns like crimes, are discussed after they have occurred, to gain information.

Question 50

ET- misleading information- P-ED- Why does post event discussion effect eyewitness testimonies?

Answer 50

Through memory contamination and memory conformity.

Question 51

ET- misleading information- LQ- What is substitution explanation?

Answer 51

Proposes that the question changes the pps memory of the event, (smashed were most likely to say they saw broken glass)

Question 52

ET- misleading information- P-ED- What is memory contamination?

Answer 52

When co-witnesses to a crime discuss it, their ET may become altered or gdissotreted

Question 53

ET- misleading information- P-ED- What is memory conformity?

Answer 53

Witnesses often go along with each other, either for social approval or they believe others are right and they are wrong.

Question 54

ET- anxiety- What dies anxiety create?

Answer 54

Psychological arousal within the body

Question 55

ET- anxiety- What is weapon focus?

Answer 55

Anxiety influenced by the presence of a weapon

Question 56

ET- anxiety- How would anxiety help eyewitness testimonies?

Answer 56

Flight or flight would be triggered. This increases alertness.

Question 57

ET- anxiety- What is Yerkes-Dodson law?

Answer 57

Performance will increase with stress, but only until a certain point, where it will decrease drastically.

Question 58

Cognitive interview- What was the point of ht eyewitness testimony?

Answer 58

To improve the eyewitness testimony

Question 59

Cognitive interview- What is the first step in the cognitive interview?

Answer 59

Report everything

Question 60

Cognitive interview- What does ‘report everything’ mean?

Answer 60

Witnesses are encouraged to report every single detail even though it may seem unimportant to the witnesses.

Question 61

Cognitive interview- What is the second step of the cognitive interview?

Answer 61

Reinstate the context

Question 62

Cognitive interview- What does ‘reinstate the context’ mean?

Answer 62

Return to the original crime scene in their mind. This is related to context dependant forgetting.

Question 63

Cognitive interview- What si the third strep int eh cognitive interview?

Answer 63

Reverse the order

Question 64

Cognitive interview- What is ‘reverse the order’?

Answer 64

Recalled in a different order than the one in which the events occurred

Question 65

Cognitive interview- What is the fourth step in the cognitive interview?

Answer 65

Change perspective

Question 66

Cognitive interview- What does ‘change the perspective’ mean?

Answer 66

Witness should recall the events form someone else’s point of view

Question 67

Cognitive interview- What is the enhanced cognitive interview?

Answer 67

Focus on some additional elements to focus on the dynamics of the interaction.