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Psychology- Paper 1- Key Terms > Memeory > Flashcards

Memeory Flashcards

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1
Q

CCD- coding-
What is coding?

A

Information sis stored in different ways in memory, depending on the memory store. The process of converting is called coding.

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2
Q

CCD- duration-
What is duration?

A

How long memories can be stored in each store

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3
Q

CCD- capacity-
What is capacity?

A

How much each memory store can store

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4
Q

MSM-
What is the sensory register?

A

This is where the environmental stimuli enters,

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5
Q

MSM-
How many register as are in sensory memory?

A

5 for ht five senses

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6
Q

MSM-
What is iconic memory?

A

Coding for visual information

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7
Q

MSM-
What is echoic memory?

A

Coding for acoustic information

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8
Q

MSM-
What is the duration of the sensory register?

A

Less than half a second.

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9
Q

MSM-
What is the capacity for sensory memory?

A

Very high, for example over 100 million cells in each eye storing information

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10
Q

MSM-
What is needed for memories to pass on through the sensory register?

A

Pay attention

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11
Q

MSM- STM-
How is short term memory coded?

A

Mainly acoustically

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12
Q

MSM- STM-
What is the duration (without rehersal)?

A

About 18s

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13
Q

MSM- STM-
What is STM capacity?

A

7 +/- 2

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14
Q

MSM- STM-
What is maintenance rehersal?

A

When we repeat information to ourselves over and over again, we can keep information in our STM as long as this occurs.

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15
Q

MSM- STM-
What makes memories go form the STM to the LTM?

A

Continuous maintenance rehersal

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16
Q

MSM- LTM-
What is the capacity?

A

Limitless

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17
Q

MSM- LTM-
What is the duration?

A

A lifetime

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18
Q

MSM- LTM-
How is it coded?

A

Mostly semantically

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19
Q

MSM- LTM-
How do we access memories form the LTM?

A

Through retrieval

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20
Q

WMM-
What is the working memory model concerned with?

A

The mental space which is activated when we are temporarily storing memory’s.

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21
Q

WMM-
What is the central executive?

A

Has a supervisory role, it: monitors data, directs our attention, and allocates subsystems to tasks.

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22
Q

WMM-
What is the capacity of the central executive?

A

Has a limited (processing) capacity and Connor store information

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23
Q

WMM-
What is the phonological loop?

A

It deals with auditory information (coding is acoustic), and preserve the order in which the information arrives.

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24
Q

WMM-
What two sections is the phonological loop split into?

A

The phonological store- which stores the words you hear
The articulatory process- which allows maintenance rehearsal.

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25
Q

WMM-
What is the duration of the phonological loop?

A

2s of auditory information

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26
Q

WMM-
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Stores visual and/or spatial information when required.

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27
Q

WMM-
What is the capacity of the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Limited capacity (Baddley said it was 3 to 4 objects)

28
Q

WMM-
What was the visuospatial sketchpad split into?

A

The visual cache- stores visual data.
The inner scribe- records the arrangement of objects in the visual field

29
Q

WMM-
What is the episodic buffer?

A

It is a temporary store for information. Integrating the visual, spatial and verbal information and maintaining a sense of time sequencing. Recording episodes that are happening.

30
Q

WMM-
What does the episodic buffer link?

A

The working memory and the long term memory

31
Q

Explanations of forgetting- interference-
What are the two the-se of interference?

A

Pros active interference and retroactive interference

32
Q

Explanations of forgetting- interference-
What is proactive interference?

A

Older memories interfere with new ones

33
Q

Explanations of forgetting- interference-
What is retroactive interference?

A

A new memory interferes with old ones

34
Q

Explanations of forgetting- interference-
What is interference?

A

When two pieces of information disrupt each other, resulting in forgetting/distorting one or both pieces of information

35
Q

Explanations of forgetting- interference-
Within which memory store does interference occur within?

A

Long term memory

36
Q

Explanations of forgetting- interference-
What did interference study’s change as the independent variable?

A

Changing th amount of similarity within each list or material

37
Q

Explanations of forgetting- interference-
Why does interference affect recall?

A

PI- previously stored information makes it more difficult to store new similar information.
RI- new information overwrites previous similar memories

38
Q

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure-
What is retrieval failure due to?

A

The absence of sufficient cues

39
Q

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure-
What is retrieval failure?

A

When memories are first laces, cues are stored at the same time, if the cues are absent then it will appear as if we have forgotten the information.

40
Q

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure- ESP-
What does the encoding specificity principle?

A

The cues have to be:
- present at encoding
- present at retrieval
If the cues are different or not present it will appear as if we have forgotten

41
Q

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure- ESP-
What are the two types of forgetting?

A

Context-depending forgetting and state dependant forgetting

42
Q

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure- ESP-
What is context dependant forgetting?

A

Recall depends on external cue

43
Q

Explanations of forgetting- retrieval failure- ESP-
What is state dependant forgetting?

A

Recall depends on internal cue

44
Q

ET- misleading information- LQ-
What are leading questions?

A

The wording of a question may lead, or mislead, the people who the question is being asked to.

45
Q

ET- misleading information- LQ-
What are misleading questions an issue with?

A

Eyewitness testimonies

46
Q

ET- misleading information- LQ-
What research corresponded to eyewitness testimonies?

A

The pps watch a car crash.
‘About how fast were the cars travelling when they _____ into each other?’

47
Q

ET- misleading information- LQ-
Why do misleading questions effect the eyewitness testimony?

A

Due to the response bias explanation. (Believes the wording has no effect on memories, but influences how they decide to answer.)

48
Q

ET- misleading information- LQ-
What is the response bias explanation?

A

The word sing of the question has no real effect on the participants memories, bit just influences how they decide to answer.

49
Q

ET- misleading information- P-ED-
What is post event discussion?

A

When experiences, of the inns like crimes, are discussed after they have occurred, to gain information.

50
Q

ET- misleading information- P-ED-
Why does post event discussion effect eyewitness testimonies?

A

Through memory contamination and memory conformity.

51
Q

ET- misleading information- LQ-
What is substitution explanation?

A

Proposes that the question changes the pps memory of the event, (smashed were most likely to say they saw broken glass)

52
Q

ET- misleading information- P-ED-
What is memory contamination?

A

When co-witnesses to a crime discuss it, their ET may become altered or gdissotreted

53
Q

ET- misleading information- P-ED-
What is memory conformity?

A

Witnesses often go along with each other, either for social approval or they believe others are right and they are wrong.

54
Q

ET- anxiety-
What dies anxiety create?

A

Psychological arousal within the body

55
Q

ET- anxiety-
What is weapon focus?

A

Anxiety influenced by the presence of a weapon

56
Q

ET- anxiety-
How would anxiety help eyewitness testimonies?

A

Flight or flight would be triggered. This increases alertness.

57
Q

ET- anxiety-
What is Yerkes-Dodson law?

A

Performance will increase with stress, but only until a certain point, where it will decrease drastically.

58
Q

Cognitive interview-
What was the point of ht eyewitness testimony?

A

To improve the eyewitness testimony

59
Q

Cognitive interview-
What is the first step in the cognitive interview?

A

Report everything

60
Q

Cognitive interview-
What does ‘report everything’ mean?

A

Witnesses are encouraged to report every single detail even though it may seem unimportant to the witnesses.

61
Q

Cognitive interview-
What is the second step of the cognitive interview?

A

Reinstate the context

62
Q

Cognitive interview-
What does ‘reinstate the context’ mean?

A

Return to the original crime scene in their mind. This is related to context dependant forgetting.

63
Q

Cognitive interview-
What si the third strep int eh cognitive interview?

A

Reverse the order

64
Q

Cognitive interview-
What is ‘reverse the order’?

A

Recalled in a different order than the one in which the events occurred

65
Q

Cognitive interview-
What is the fourth step in the cognitive interview?

A

Change perspective

66
Q

Cognitive interview-
What does ‘change the perspective’ mean?

A

Witness should recall the events form someone else’s point of view

67
Q

Cognitive interview-
What is the enhanced cognitive interview?

A

Focus on some additional elements to focus on the dynamics of the interaction.

Psychology- Paper 1- Key Terms (4 decks)

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