psychopathology

Question 1

abnormality

what are the definitions of abnormality?

Answer 1

• failure to function adequately
• deviation from social norms
• deviation from mental health
• statistical infrequency

Question 2

abnormality

deviation of social norms and AO3:

Answer 2

Any behaviour that society does not approve of.

A03:
- culturally specific as social norms differ
- time relative
- context what is normal in one context may be abnormal on another
- real life application in diagnosis of anti-socail persoanlity disorder

Question 3

abnormality

deviation of mental health and AO3:

Answer 3

Jahoda said we have good mental health if we have the following criteria:

• we have no symptoms or distress
• we are rational and can percieve ourselves accurately
• we self-actualise
• we can cope with stress
• we have a realistic view of the world
• we have a good self-esteem and lack of guilt
• we are independent of other people
• we can successfully work, love and enjoy our leisure

A03:

• a comprehensive definition
• cultural. relativism: from a very westernised perspective. the criteria is culturally bound
• unrealistically high expectations of mental health. SOMETIMES WE UP and sometimes we down :(

Question 4

abnormality

statistical infrequency and AO3:

Answer 4

Any behaviour that is statistically infrequent or found in very few people such as:

• adult shoe size:
• intellectual disability disorder
• IQ

A03:

• real life app of mental health disorders
• unusual characteristics can be positive as someone may not be abnormal and won’t require treatment to be normal

Question 5

abnormality

failure to function adequately and ao3:

Answer 5

Judged as abnormal as their illness makes them unable to cope and inteferes with their daily routine.
- no longer conforms to standard interpersonal rules
- person experiences severe personal distress
- behaviour becomes irrational

A03:

• takes into account the subjective experience of the patient (failure to function often indicates a person needs help)
• deviation from social norms rather than F2F? limits a person’s personal freedom against minority groups.
• subjective judgements

Question 6

cognitive approach to explaining depression

what is becks negative triad?

Answer 6

faulty information processing:
- tend to focus only on the negative aspects of life adn ignores anything positive

negative self schema:
- interpret info about ourself in a negative way

negative triad:
- negative view of self, world and future

Question 7

cognitive approach to explaining depression

what is the ABC model?

Answer 7

A= activating event
B=belief (irrational)
C=consequence
- irrational beliefs lead to unhealthy emotions which can depression
- rational belief leads healthy emotions and a “normal” life

Question 8

cognitive approach to explaining depression

A03:

Question 9

cognitive approach to treating depression

what is REBT?

Answer 9

• rational emotive behaviour therapy
• extends the ABC model to ABCDE model

Question 10

what is a phobia

Answer 10

an irrational fear of an object or situation

Question 11

what is CBT?

Answer 11

• most commonly used for psychological treatment for depression
• treating mental disorders on behavioural and cognitive techniques
• to make client aware of the relationship between thought, emotion and actions

Question 12

phobia

what are the charateristics of phobia?

Answer 12

behavioural: ways in which people act
- panic: crying and screaming
- avoidance: effort to stay away from the stimulus

emotional: relates to persons feelings or mood
- excessive fear and unpleasant state of high arousal
- anxiety

cognitive: process knowing and thinking
- irrational thoughts: aware that their fear is excessive
- selective attention

Question 13

phobia

what is the behavioural approach to treating phobia?

Answer 13

classical conditioning (little albert):
- UCS (loud noise) = UCR (fear)
- UCS (noise) + NS (rat) = UCR (fear)
- CS (rat) = CR (fear)

operant conditioning:

Question 14

what is the behavioural approach to explaining phobia?