memory Flashcards
who made the multi-store model
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
describe the multi-store model
information is picked up by the sensory register, if paid attention to the information is passed onto the STM where it is then stored for 18-30 seconds. if the information is rehearsed it can be transferred to the LTM which has unlimited capacity and duration. however if the information is not rehearsed whilst in the STM then retrieval failure can occur and the information can decay.
what is the AO3 of the MSM
strengths :
- KF case study, inspired further research
weaknesses:
- low ecological validity, over-simplified and vague
what are the 3 types of encoding
procedural (visual), acoustic and semantic
encoding, capacity and duration of sensory register
encoding - echoic
capacity - unlimited
duration - 250ms - 2s
encoding, capacity and duration of STM
encoding - acoustic
capacity - 5-9 items
duration - 18-30 seconds
encoding, capacity and duration of LTM
encoding - semantic
capacity - unlimited
duration - unlimited
three types of LTM
episodic - time stamped events (declarative)
semantic - encyclopedia/dictionary (declarative)
procedural - how we do things (non-declarative)
who created the working memory model
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
describe the working memory model
central executive: dominant control
phonological loop:phonological store (inner ear) articulatory control system (inner mouth)
visuo-spatial sketchpad :dual-tasking (inner eye)
LTM:
episodic buffer:
AO3 of the WMM
strengths :
- idea old dual-tasking is addressed
- KF case study
weaknesses :
- still evolving (episodic buffer came along in 2000)
- central executive’s role is vague
explanations for forgetting
- retroactive interference: old information affecting your ability to recall new information
- proactive interference: new information affecting your ability to recall old information
- contextual cues - individuals are able to recall information better in the place they learnt it
factors that can affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony
reconstructive memory, leading questions, anxiety and post-event discussion
how do you improve the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies?
through the use of cognitive interviews
the four techniques of cognitive interviews
recall everything - individual is asked to recall everything no matter how irrelevant they may deem
reinstate context - this is to return the interviewee to the emotional state they were in when the event took place to get situational context to aid memory
change order - change the order of events to aid memory
change perspective - ask the individual to recall from a different perspective to possibly aid memory
