psychopathology

Question 1

specific phobias

Answer 1

sufferers are anxious in the presence of a particular stimulus

Question 2

social phobias

Answer 2

sufferers experience inappropriate anxiety in social situations

Question 3

agoraphobia

Answer 3

sufferers are anxious when in a situation they cannot leave

Question 4

behavioural characteristics of phobias

Answer 4

panic - crying, screaming, running away
endurance- enduring the phobia
avoidance - considerable effort to avoid coming into contact with the phobic stimulus

Question 5

emotional characteristics of phobias

Answer 5

fear
responses are unreasonable
anxiety

Question 6

cognitive characteristics of phobias

Answer 6

selective attention
cognitive distortion
irrational beliefs

Question 7

Little Albert study

Answer 7

aim: to discover whether feared responses can be conditioned via classical conditioning and if it can be generalised to other things and how long the fear lasts
procedure: showed baby white rats, which he liked. he was then shown again however whenever he touched them, a long bang would be heard.
findings: when shown white rats over the next two weeks, albert cried at them all, showing the phobia was now generalised to other stimuli. when moved to another room, his reaction stayed the same, showing the fear was generalised to other settings. after a month, he was tested again and showed the same reaction

Question 8

behavioural explanations for phobias

Answer 8

vicarious reinforcement
two process model

Question 9

behavioural treatments for phobias

Answer 9

systematic desensitisation
flooding

Question 10

what is systematic desensitisation

Answer 10

wolpe.
gradual approach to reducing anxiety associated with phobia using classical conditioning
through gradual exposure, a new response to the phobia is learned
process is called counter conditioning

Question 11

3 stages of systematic desensitisation

Answer 11

anxiety hierarchy- therapist has a list of situations involving phobic stimulus and client will arrange it in order of least to most frightening
relaxation - therapist will teach reciprocal inhibition
exposure- client works their way through the anxiety hierarchy. they do not move on to the next stage until they are completely relaxed in the stage they’re in.

Question 12

reciprocal inhibition

Answer 12

relaxing as deeply as possible

Question 13

two ways of exposure in systematic desensitisation

Answer 13

vivo- real life
vitro- using imagination

Question 14

emotional characteristics of depression

Answer 14

anger
low mood
low self esteem

Question 15

behavioural characteristics of depression

Answer 15

change to activity and energy level
aggression
disruption to sleep and eating

Question 16

cognitive characteristics of depression

Answer 16

absolutist thinking
dwelling on negatives
poor concentration

Question 17

becks explanation for depression

Answer 17

negative triad
irrational thinking leads to cognitive vulnerability

Question 18

ellis explanation for depression

Answer 18

abc model
mustabatory thinking

Question 19

what is the abc model

Answer 19

a - activating event
b- beliefs
c- consequence

Question 20

what is mustabatory thinking

Answer 20

believes we think must be true for us to be happy
“i must be approved of or accepted by people i find important”
“the world must give me happiness or i will die”
“i must do well or very well or i am worthless”

Question 21

cognitive treatments for depression

Answer 21

cbt
becks cognitive therapy
rebt
behavioural activation

Question 22

what is CBT

Answer 22

cognitive behavioural therapy
c- identifying irrational thoughts, setting goals, and making plans to achieve them
b- challenging negative thoughts and replacing them with effective behaviour

Question 23

what is behavioural activation

Answer 23

people with depression tend to isolate themselves , ba aims to decrease isolating behaviour

Question 24

what is becks cognitive therapy

Answer 24

therapist identifies irrational thoughts and challenges them through homework

Question 25

what is REBT

Answer 25

challenging irrational thoughts by arguing
ABCDE model

Question 26

what are the 3 types of arguments in REBT

Answer 26

empirical
logical
pragmatic

Question 27

emotional characteristics of ocd

Answer 27

guilt and disgust
accompanies depression
anxiety and distress

Question 28

behavioural characteristics of ocd

Answer 28

compulsions are repetitive
avoidance
compulsions reduce anxiety

Question 29

cognitive characteristics of ocd

Answer 29

insight into excessive anxiety
cognitive coping strategies
obsessive thoughts

Question 30

treatments for ocd

Answer 30

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
SNRIs
Tricylics

Question 31

how do SSRIs work

Answer 31

neurodivergent people go through reuptake. serotonin returns to the pre synaptic neuron rather than going to the post synaptic neuron. SSRI stops reuptake

Question 32

genetic explanations for OCD

Answer 32

Lewis- genetic vulnerability
Candidate genes create vulnerability
ocd is polygenic - taylor

Question 33

neural explanations for ocd

Answer 33

faulty decision making systems
the worry circle

Question 34

what parts of the brain are involved in ocd (decision making symptoms)

Answer 34

frontal lobes - decision making and logical thinking
parahippocampal gyrus - processing emotions

Question 35

what is the worry circle

Answer 35

OFC (detects worry signals)
sends info to the thalamus (sends info to the right brain region to deal with)
through the caudate nucleus

Question 36

genes that create vulnerability for ocd

Answer 36

SERT - serotonin transmission
COMT - dopamine transmission
5HT1-D beta - transports serotonin across synapses

Question 37

maladaptive

Answer 37

struggles to adjust to changes around them

Question 38

maladaptive

Answer 38

struggles to adjust to changes around them