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Neuroscience > psychopathology > Flashcards

psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

how much of the population does schizophrenia affect?

A

1 percent

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2
Q

what is the key symptom of schizophrenia?

A

impaired logical thought

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3
Q

what are positive symptoms?

A

abnormal symptoms that are gained which are usually acute and more likely to respond to antipsychotic mediations

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4
Q

what are negative symptoms?

A

lost functions

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5
Q

what are positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

hallucinations, delusions, excited motor behavior

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6
Q

what are negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

slow thought and speech, emotional and social withdrawal, and blunted affect of emotional expression

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7
Q

what are cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

disorganized thoughts, difficulty concentrating and following instruction

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8
Q

schizophrenia is partially what?

A

heritable

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9
Q

what are the causes of schizophrenia

A

environmental exposure combined with genetics will cause illness if threshold is exceeded

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10
Q

environmental factors do what

A

up regulate and down regulate gene function

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11
Q

what is the characteristic of epigenetics

A

people with the same genome can have different outcomes

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12
Q

the pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus are what

A

disorganized in schizophrenia

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13
Q

what parts of the brain are smaller in people with schizophrenia

A

hippocampus and the amygdala

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14
Q

what is hypofrontality schizophrenia

A

underactivity of temporal and frontal lobes

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15
Q

where do we see loss of gray matter and less metabolic activity

A

frontal and temporal lopes along with accelerated aging and neuron loss

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16
Q

schizophrenia results from excess what

A

synaptic dopamine or increased post synaptic sensitivity to it

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17
Q

what are examples of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia

A
  • neuroleptics are DA antagonist
  • chronic amphetamine use produces schizophrenia like syndrome
  • L-dopa treatment of Parkinson may produce psychosis
  • D2 levels in auditory thalamus are higher in schizophrenics
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18
Q

All current antipsychotic drugs do what?

A

control function of dopamine D2 receptor

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19
Q

what are some neuroleptic drugs

A

risperidone and abilify

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20
Q

what do neuroleptic drugs do

A

block serotonin and D2 receptors - some increase dopamine in frontal cortex

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21
Q

what is the glutamate hypothesis

A

schizophrenia is due to underactivation of glutamate receptors

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22
Q

PCP is a what

A

NMDA receptor antagonist which means it prevents glutamate from acting normally

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23
Q

what are symptoms of acute schizophrenia

A

prolonged NMDA receptor underactivation

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24
Q

endocannabinoids act on what

A

CB1 receptors

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25
Q

CB1 inhibits what

A

other neurotransmitters

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26
Q

where are EC levels elevated

A

In CSF of schizophrenics

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27
Q

depression is what

A

the most common mood disorder

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28
Q

symptoms of depression

A

sad mood, feeling worthless or guilty, loss of interest or pleasure in activities, increased or decreased appetite and weight, changes in sleep pattern, and suicidal thoughts or plans

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29
Q

what is normal depression

A

normal reaction to life events (death of a loved one)

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30
Q

what is clinical depression

A

chemical imbalance-genetic

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31
Q

what are symptoms of normal depression

A
  • mood described as “blue”
  • short duration
  • little if any impairment
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32
Q

what are symptoms of clinical depression

A
  • mood described as “ black”
  • long duration
  • significant impairment in function
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33
Q

what activity (blood flow) increases during depression

A

emotional orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala

34
Q

what activity (blood flow) decreases during depression

A

areas involving attention and language

35
Q

what is the monoamine hypothesis

A

depression is due to reduced synaptic activity of norepinephrine and serotonin

36
Q

MAO inactivated what

A

monoamines

37
Q

treatment with MAO inhibitors does what?

A

raises level of monoamines at the synapse, and improve depression

38
Q

what does reserpine do

A

reduced monoamines and can cause depression

39
Q

what are the first ways antidepressants work

A
  1. inhibiting reuptake of 5-HT (serotonin or NE)
40
Q

what is the second way antidepressants could work

A
  1. Binding to presynaptic 5-HT or NE autoreceptors, thus enhancing neurotransmitter release
41
Q

what is the third way antidepressants could work

A

inhibiting monoamine oxidase thereby reducing neurotransmitter breakdown

42
Q

what do overactive serotonin autoreceptors do

A

impair serotonin release which causes depression

43
Q

what does autoreceptor activation do

A

decrease 5HT release

44
Q

depressed patients have what

A

overactive autoreceptors

45
Q

what happens after weeks of SSRI use

A

autoreceptor function and number declines over weeks increasing neuronal firing and serotonin release

46
Q

what are the early findings of electroconvulsive shock therapy

A

drug-induced seizures alleviate depression

47
Q

ECT raises what

A

monoamine levels

48
Q

ECT is now used in what

A

severe depression
-suicidal ideation that requires immediate alleviation

49
Q

what are some brain stimulations treatment for affective disorders

A

fast TMS, deep brain stimulation, and stimulation of the vagus nerve

50
Q

what is fast TMS(transcranial magnetic stimulation)

A

produces effects similar to traditional ECT

51
Q

what does deep brain stimulation do

A

anterior cingulate gyrus and median forebrain bundle produce immediate effects

52
Q

what does the stimulation of the vagus nerve do

A

gradually relieves depression

53
Q

what are the main antidepressant pills

A

SSRI, SNRI, RCA, and MAO inhibitors

54
Q

why are SSRIs the usual first choice

A

they are less severe adverse effects and less danger with overdose

55
Q

depression is the imbalance of the what

A

immune system, stress system, and gut microbiota

56
Q

ketamine causes an upsurge of what

A

glutamate, restoring synaptic functioning

57
Q

ketamine will likely replace what

A

ECT for treatment of severe acute depression

58
Q

what is disturbed in depression

A

sleep

59
Q

what is bipolar disorder

A

individuals alternate between depression and mania

60
Q

what are bipolar psychotic symptoms

A

delusions, hallucinations, paranoia, bizarre behavior-similar to schizophrenia

61
Q

what is mania

A

excess energy, confidence, grandiose thinking, little need to sleep, hypersexual drive, drug abuse

62
Q

how is the cycling in bipolar disorder

A

unpredictable, varies from days to months

63
Q

what varies with ventral prefrontal cortex

A

activity varies with mood state

64
Q

how is the ventromedial cortex affected in people who are depressed

A

it is smaller, neuron number is normal, but glial cells are much reduced

65
Q

what increases at the start of a manic period

A

subgenual prefrontal cortex

66
Q

what is cylcothymia

A

mild form of bipolar disorder-patients cycle between dysthymia and hypomania

67
Q

what is dysthymia

A

mild depression

68
Q

what is hypomania

A

increased energy

69
Q

what are phobic disorders

A

intense irrational fear centered on a object, activity, or situation

70
Q

what are some anxiety disorders

A

panic disorder- recurrent attacks of fearfulness
generalized anxiety- persistent, excessive worry
OCD- incontrollable irrational thoughts and compulsions(need to preform task over and over)

71
Q

what helps with OCD

A

antidepressants, reducing serotonin autoreceptors sensitivity, antipsychotics, and glutamate blockers

72
Q

what do OCD patients activate more than normal during the stroop test

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

73
Q

where do OCD patients have more activity

A

orbital frontal cortex and caudate nuclei(basal ganglia)

74
Q

what produces long lasting effects for OCD

A

surgery to disconnect orbitofrontal cortex

75
Q

what is serotonin supported by

A

effectiveness of SSRIs

76
Q

what are the 2 major nuclei

A

MRN and DRN

77
Q

what is the MRN

A

limbic/prefrontal cortex
-mediates fear/anxiety

78
Q

what is the DRN

A

prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, PAG
- modulates cognitive/behavioral components

79
Q

what treats anxiety

A

benzodiazepines

80
Q

how do benzodiazepines treat anxiety

A

bind GABA receptors to enhance GABA inhibitory actions

81
Q

what is related to OCD

A

Tourette’s syndrome

82
Q

what was done to people with all sorts of psychiatric disorders

A

frontal lobotomy

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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