brain development Flashcards by Naomi Antony

What happened to esme?

she was hyperventilating and holding her breath which put a strain on her heart

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When is your peak brain?

20-25 years old

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As you get older, why does your brain crinkle?

To fit the skull

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What are the three parts of the brain?

Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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What is the forebrain?

The front-cortex, two cerebral hemispheres

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What is the midbrain?

Middle brain

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What is the hindbrain?

Back, cerebellum

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Which part becomes the biggest part of our brain?

The forebrain

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What is the cortex?

The outer cerebral hemisphere

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Why is the cortex wrinkled?

Increase surface area

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What is a gyrus?

A ridge-mountain

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What is a sulcus?

A groove-valley

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What are the six stages of CNS development?

Neurogenesis, migration, differentiation, synaptogenesis, neuronal cell death, synaptic refinement

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How does our CNS begin?

As a plate with three layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

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What happens after the CNS has its three layers?

It rolls up into a tube

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What is the ectoderm?

skin

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If both the skin and brain come from the ectoderm, how does one decide whether it is a skin cell or a neuron?

They fight and the loser ends up being a glial cell

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What cells are found in the white matter of the brain?

Glial

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What is tuberous sclerosis?

There is too much white matter in the brain. The brain is too big

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What is neurogenesis?

Mitosis produces neurons and glial cells in the area next to the central canal- creating new neurons in the brain
- precursor cells divide to form ventricular zone
- cells leave this zone to either become neurons or glial cells

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What happens when there is a failure of mitosis?

Microcephaly- small head

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How many shots do you get at cell migration?

Only get one shot at it, you get it or you dont

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What are the only cells in the brain?

Glial and neurons

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What cell does not replicate?

Neurons

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How does one decide who will become a neuron/glial?

Whoever wins the fights, if you win, you become a neuron, loose-glial

What do neurons supposed to do when there is a bad connection?

Kill themselves

What is the main action of synaptogenesis?

Make as many connections as possible

What physically happens when there are too many connections?

Bigger head

What is autism?

There are too many synapses in the brain. They make a lot of bad connections and do not kill themselves

What happens during neurogenesis?

The brain makes a 100 billion neurons

How can it make 100 billion neurons?

During the beginning stages of life, it is proficient at producing these

What specifically happens during neurogenesis(detail)?

The precursor/stem cell divide to form ventricular zone

When do the precursor/stem cells stop dividing?

Ends by birth (handful of stem cells survive)

What do these stem cells do after they divide?

Leave the ventricular zone to become either a neuron or glial cell.

When do most cells change to glial cells?

After migration

Where do cells migrate to?

The surface

What happens during migration?

After mitosis, both the cells inch towards to surface, but over time one cell comes back down and undergoes mitosis while the other one goes and lives life.

What does disorders of migration cause?

Brain malformations like pachygryria- the white matter is too thick

what are migrating neurons guided by

radial precursor cells- are like mentors

What is differentiation?

The neurons with no specific job, find their purpose

How are axons guided?

By chemicals released by targets

Chemoattractants?

Chemicals that attract certain growth cones

Chemorepellants?

repel growth cones

What are growth cones?

Sensory-motile organelles at tip of growing axons and dendrites

What are filopodia and lamellipodia?

Outgrowths of growth cones-ahere to local environment and pull in a direction

What is chemoaffinity?

Each cell has genetic chemical identity that guides development

Chemorepellants/attractants act when?

Close or long range

Induction?

Influence of a set of cells on the fate of nearby cells

What does notochord induce?

Developing neurons to become motoneurons

what do cells in the notochord do

release sonic hedgehog protein that directs cell in spinal cord to become motoneuron

what does sonic hedgehog protein do

cause motor cells to form in spinal cord

what did esme have

rett syndrome

what does zika virus do

causes head to be small bc it blocks neurogenesis

where do synapses form rapidly

dendrites and spines-esp after birth and connections are effected by experience

what does the neuron do to support the size of dendrites

nerve cell body increases

what is the overall idea of synaptogenesis

making connections with everyone so you can eventually see whos fake and whos real

what is the overall idea of neuron cell death

telling all the fake friends to kill themselves

what do capases do

cut up proteins and DNA

how does apoptosis start

an influx of Calcium ions, Ca++

What foes the influx of Ca++ do

tells the mitochondria to release Diablo

what does Diablo do

binds to inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPS)

w/ out IAP inhibition what happens

caspases dismantle the cell

what do IAPs do

inhibit caspases

overall what does diablo do in simple terms

diablo distracts the IAPS and caspases ends up killing the cell

what do neurons compete for

1. chemicals that target cells(neurotropic factors 2. synaptic connections-more friends the better w out enough of both cell will die or cause mental retardation

synaptic pruning?

getting rid of bad connections

synaptic pruning failure

fragile X syndrome

nerve growth factors(NGF) and Brain derived neurotropic factors(BDNF) are what

produced by targets and are taken up by incoming neurons - like little boosts-vitamins-healing elixir - keep them alive or help regrow after injury

what is amblyopia

early problems in vison in one eye eventually cause vison loss in that eye

misalignment in eye causes

amblyopia

what are clinical features of autism

1. communication/language 2. Lack of social interaction 3. repetitive behaviors, obsessions, and preservations 4. odd movements 5. predictability 6. intellectual function

what are some communication impairments

delayed language and echolalia

what are some odd movements

repeated gestures and abnormal movements

what does change in routine do ppl w/ autism

cause lots of stress

how is intellection function in autism

- most is mental retardation and savant syndrome (genius) is rare

what are synaptic pruning disorders

fragile x and autism

do autism and vaccines have correlation

what is retts syndrome( esme had)

x-linked progressive autism with intellectual problems with only girls