Effective (30% not effective) More effective with CBT Side effects (indigestion, blurred vision, sex drive) Cost effective (not long term)

Psychopathology Flashcards by Isabel Adcock

Behavioural Symptoms of Phobias

Panic behaviours
Avoidance

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Emotional Symptoms of Phobias

Anxiety
Fear

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Cognitive Symptoms of Phobias

Selective attention
Irrational beliefs
Resistance to arguments

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Behavioural Symptoms of Depression

Disrupted activity lessons
More/less sleep
More/less appetite
Agression or self harm

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Emotional Symptoms of Depression

Negative emotion
Loss of pleasure
Anger

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Cognitive Symptoms of Depression

Poor concentration
Dwelling on negatives
Absolutist thinking

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Behavioural Symptoms of OCD

Complulsions
Avoidance

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Emotional Symptoms of OCD

Anxiety
Depression
Embarassment

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Cognitive Symptoms of OCD

Obsessions
Intrusive thoughts

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Development of Phobias

A03

Only explains behaviour
Car accidents (80% no phobia)
Trauma (2% water phobia had trauma)
RWA (treatments)
*Little Albert

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Treatment of Phobias

A03

Ethics (flooding)
Cost effective
Effective (at 3 and 33 months, all phobias)
Appropriateness (case study)

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Development of OCD

A03

Alternative (conditioning)
Concordance (not 100%)
Animal studies (dopamine)
Brain research (damage and elevated activity)

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Treatment of OCD

A03

Effective (30% not effective)
More effective with CBT
Side effects (indigestion, blurred vision, sex drive)
Cost effective (not long term)

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Development of Depression

A03

RWA (treatments)
Endogenous depression not explained (just reactive)
Negative thought = post natal depression
teenagers, negative thinking = depression

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Treatments of Depression

A03

Effectiveness (81% CBT, 86% combined)
Long term (31% relapse only)
Appropriateness (maybe not)
Cost effective

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Deviation from Social Norms

A01

Non-adherence too the standards of behaviour and attitudes of a society

Deviation from Social Norms

A03

Cultures vary
Justifies negative treatment of “undesireables”
Not all behaviours that go against social norms are bad
Normal changes over time

Statistical Infrequency

A01

Rare behaviour

Statistical Infrequency

A03

Frequency =/= desireability
Issues with defining a cut off point
Depression is relatively common, but still bad
Objective

Failure to Function Adequately

A01

Inability to cope with the day to day demands of normal life
* Dysfunctional behaviour
* Observer discomfort
* Unpredictable behaviour
* Irrational behaviour
* Personal Distress

Failure to Function Adequately

A03

Doesn’t apply to everyone abnormal (psychopaths)
Can identify those who need the most help
Most people have caused distress to themselves or others at some point

Ideal Mental Health

A01

Positive self-attitude
Self-actualisation
Resistance to stress
Personal autonomy
Accurate persepection of reality
Adaptation to the environment

Jahoda

Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

A03

Difficult to meet all of the crieria
A psychopath may meet all of the criteria
Culturally biased

Phobias

A01

Anxiety disorder characterised by excessive fear and anxiety, out of proportion to the threat posed by the phobic stimulus
* Specific phobia
* Social phobia
* Agoraphobia

Depression | A01

Mood disorder characterised by a persistent low mood. * Reactive * Endogenous

OCD | A01

Obsessions: intrusive and persistent thoughts, images and impulses which are unwanted and cause distress Compulsions: physical or mental repetitive activities that relate to an obsession. Have to last an hour a day to be diagnosable

Development of Phobias | A01

Stimulus response Classical and operant conditioning * neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus * produces a conditioned response

Flooding | A01

* exposed to phobic stimulus and can't escape * anxiety and fear will stop * unlearns association * Extinction

Systematic Desensitisation

1. create an anxiety heirarchy 2. learn to relax 3. exposure Gradual Counterconditioning

Genetic Approach to OCD | A01

SERT gene * affects serotonin levels * people with OCD more likely to have this mutation COMT gene * production of COMT which regulates dopamine Polygenic Supported by concordance rates and twin studies

Neural Approach to OCD | A01

* Abnormal levels of serotonin and dopamine cause malfunction of the caudate nucleas. * Caudate nuclease does not supress messages from OFC * Causes compulsions due to obsessions

Treatment for OCD | A01

SSRIs * prevent reuptake of serotonin into the synapse * increases amount of serotonin available in the synapse * reduces symptoms caused by low levels of serotonin

Cognitive Approach to Depression | A01

Faulty information processing * Focus on the negative Negative self schema * develops from early experiences

Beck | A01

Negative Triad Depression is caused by negative thoughts about: * themself * the future * the world

Ellis | A01

ABC Model A. activating event B. belief C. consequence Irational beliefs lead to maladaptive consequences

Treatments for Depression | A01

CBT * identify and challenge negative/irrational thoughts * change behaviours that result from these * challenge thoughts through questioning * reality testing REBT * ABCDE * Disputing * Effect of disputing