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Psychology Paper 1 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

Behavioural Symptoms of Phobias

A

Panic behaviours
Avoidance

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2
Q

Emotional Symptoms of Phobias

A

Anxiety
Fear

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3
Q

Cognitive Symptoms of Phobias

A

Selective attention
Irrational beliefs
Resistance to arguments

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4
Q

Behavioural Symptoms of Depression

A

Disrupted activity lessons
More/less sleep
More/less appetite
Agression or self harm

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5
Q

Emotional Symptoms of Depression

A

Negative emotion
Loss of pleasure
Anger

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6
Q

Cognitive Symptoms of Depression

A

Poor concentration
Dwelling on negatives
Absolutist thinking

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7
Q

Behavioural Symptoms of OCD

A

Complulsions
Avoidance

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8
Q

Emotional Symptoms of OCD

A

Anxiety
Depression
Embarassment

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9
Q

Cognitive Symptoms of OCD

A

Obsessions
Intrusive thoughts

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10
Q

Development of Phobias

A03

A
  • Only explains behaviour
  • Car accidents (80% no phobia)
  • Trauma (2% water phobia had trauma)
  • RWA (treatments)
    *Little Albert
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11
Q

Treatment of Phobias

A03

A
  • Ethics (flooding)
  • Cost effective
  • Effective (at 3 and 33 months, all phobias)
  • Appropriateness (case study)
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12
Q

Development of OCD

A03

A
  • Alternative (conditioning)
  • Concordance (not 100%)
  • Animal studies (dopamine)
  • Brain research (damage and elevated activity)
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13
Q

Treatment of OCD

A03

A
  • Effective (30% not effective)
  • More effective with CBT
  • Side effects (indigestion, blurred vision, sex drive)
  • Cost effective (not long term)
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14
Q

Development of Depression

A03

A
  • RWA (treatments)
  • Endogenous depression not explained (just reactive)
  • Negative thought = post natal depression
  • teenagers, negative thinking = depression
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15
Q

Treatments of Depression

A03

A
  • Effectiveness (81% CBT, 86% combined)
  • Long term (31% relapse only)
  • Appropriateness (maybe not)
  • Cost effective
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16
Q

Deviation from Social Norms

A01

A

Non-adherence too the standards of behaviour and attitudes of a society

17
Q

Deviation from Social Norms

A03

A
  • Cultures vary
  • Justifies negative treatment of “undesireables”
  • Not all behaviours that go against social norms are bad
  • Normal changes over time
18
Q

Statistical Infrequency

A01

A

Rare behaviour

19
Q

Statistical Infrequency

A03

A
  • Frequency =/= desireability
  • Issues with defining a cut off point
  • Depression is relatively common, but still bad
  • Objective
20
Q

Failure to Function Adequately

A01

A

Inability to cope with the day to day demands of normal life
* Dysfunctional behaviour
* Observer discomfort
* Unpredictable behaviour
* Irrational behaviour
* Personal Distress

21
Q

Failure to Function Adequately

A03

A
  • Doesn’t apply to everyone abnormal (psychopaths)
  • Can identify those who need the most help
  • Most people have caused distress to themselves or others at some point
22
Q

Ideal Mental Health

A01

A
  1. Positive self-attitude
  2. Self-actualisation
  3. Resistance to stress
  4. Personal autonomy
  5. Accurate persepection of reality
  6. Adaptation to the environment

Jahoda

23
Q

Deviation from Ideal Mental Health

A03

A
  • Difficult to meet all of the crieria
  • A psychopath may meet all of the criteria
  • Culturally biased
24
Q

Phobias

A01

A

Anxiety disorder characterised by excessive fear and anxiety, out of proportion to the threat posed by the phobic stimulus
* Specific phobia
* Social phobia
* Agoraphobia

25
Q

Depression

A01

A

Mood disorder characterised by a persistent low mood.
* Reactive
* Endogenous

26
Q

OCD

A01

A

Obsessions: intrusive and persistent thoughts, images and impulses which are unwanted and cause distress
Compulsions: physical or mental repetitive activities that relate to an obsession. Have to last an hour a day to be diagnosable

27
Q

Development of Phobias

A01

A

Stimulus response
Classical and operant conditioning
* neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
* produces a conditioned response

28
Q

Flooding

A01

A
  • exposed to phobic stimulus and can’t escape
  • anxiety and fear will stop
  • unlearns association
  • Extinction
29
Q

Systematic Desensitisation

A
  1. create an anxiety heirarchy
  2. learn to relax
  3. exposure

Gradual
Counterconditioning

30
Q

Genetic Approach to OCD

A01

A

SERT gene
* affects serotonin levels
* people with OCD more likely to have this mutation

COMT gene
* production of COMT which regulates dopamine

Polygenic
Supported by concordance rates and twin studies

31
Q

Neural Approach to OCD

A01

A
  • Abnormal levels of serotonin and dopamine cause malfunction of the caudate nucleas.
  • Caudate nuclease does not supress messages from OFC
  • Causes compulsions due to obsessions
32
Q

Treatment for OCD

A01

A

SSRIs
* prevent reuptake of serotonin into the synapse
* increases amount of serotonin available in the synapse
* reduces symptoms caused by low levels of serotonin

33
Q

Cognitive Approach to Depression

A01

A

Faulty information processing
* Focus on the negative

Negative self schema
* develops from early experiences

34
Q

Beck

A01

A

Negative Triad
Depression is caused by negative thoughts about:
* themself
* the future
* the world

35
Q

Ellis

A01

A

ABC Model
A. activating event
B. belief
C. consequence

Irational beliefs lead to maladaptive consequences

36
Q

Treatments for Depression

A01

A

CBT
* identify and challenge negative/irrational thoughts
* change behaviours that result from these
* challenge thoughts through questioning
* reality testing

REBT
* ABCDE
* Disputing
* Effect of disputing

Psychology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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