Attachment Flashcards
Influence of early attachment
A03
- Hazan and Shaver
- Issues with Hazan and Shaver
- Small correlation between secure and good future
- Secure = socially skilled
Institutionalisation
A03
- Real world applications
- No traumatic experiences for confounding variables
- Generalisability
- Other romanian orphans = low pretend play, but no recovery
- Genie - only ever developed some language
Animal Studies
A03
- Ducklings (support for lorenz)
- Chickens (sexual imprinting)
- Ethics (Harlow)
- Generalisability (+ geese are precocial)
Bowlby: Maternal Deprivation
A03
- 44 thieves
- Issues with 44 thieves
- Real world applications
- Replication of thieves (poor predictor)
Schaffer and Emerson
A03
- Natural
- Sample
- Data collection
- Babies can’t move
Learning Theory of Attachment
A03
- Pavlov and Little Albert
- Harlow
- Lorenz
- Schaffer and Emerson (39% not feeder)
Strange Situation
A03
- Inter-rater reliability
- Lab study
- Mother’s behaviour
- Culture bias (imposed etic)
Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg
A03
- Large dataset
- Imposed etic
- Not equally spred
- Differences between cultures
Role of the Father
A03
- Play with father matters (secondary)
- Single or same sex (father not important)
- Children without fathers less good at school, aggressive
- Lamb (just as sensitive)
Bowlby: Monotropy
A03
- Schaffer and Emerson (feeders)
- Schaffer and Emerson (27% of fathers key)
- Isabella et all (sensitivity)
- Harlow (no mother = no IWM)
Interactional Synchrony
Infants react in time with the caregiver’s speech resulting in a conversational dance
Reciprocity
Interaction flows back and forth between caregiver and infant
Turn taking
Schaffer and Emerson
A01
60 Glaswegian babies observed
* By 8 months 83% had multiple attachments
* 33% had no attachment with mother or a stronger attachment to someone else
Pre-attachment
A01
Asocial stage
0-3 months
learns to prefer humans to objects
No preferences for people
Indiscriminate
Diffuse
6 weeks - 7 months
Learns to recognise specific people
still no strong preferences
Discriminate
A01
Single stage
7 - 11 months
Forms a strong bond with an individual
Separation anxiety
Stranger anxiety
Multiple
A01
9 months +
Forms multiple attachments of different strengths and functions
Research into caregiver interactions
A03
- Can’t talk to infant, have to infer
- Infants can’t move, not much info to work with
- Took videos, so can rewatch many times with many observers
- Lab studies often
Scaffer and Emerson on Fathers
A01
- Mother primary attachment figure for only half of babies
- A third preferred their father
Lorenz
A01
Studied imprinting in geese
Splict clutch in half, raised half - they followed him as they would their mother
Geese automatically attach to the first moving thing they see after hatching
Critical period 13-16 hours after hatching
Harlow
A01
Monkeys with a cloth or wire (+milk) mother
Monkeys clung to wire mother when scared, used as base for exploration. Also struggled with relationships later on
Contact comfort most important
Role of Father
A01
Most initial research was done into attachment with mothers
Belief that mothers are vital (ie: Bowlby)
Can fathers be stay at home parents?
Should gay couples have children?
Learning Theory
A01
Cupboard love
Attach to person that feeds them
Classical and operant conditioning
Mother = feeding = pleasure
Hunger is a drive state that motivates the child to satisfy their need
Bowlby: Monotropy
A01
Evolution
* Social releasers (endearing)
One special attachment
* To the person who responds best to the social releasers
Internal working model
Critical period
* First 3 years
