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Psychology Paper 1 > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Influence of early attachment

A03

A
  • Hazan and Shaver
  • Issues with Hazan and Shaver
  • Small correlation between secure and good future
  • Secure = socially skilled
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2
Q

Institutionalisation

A03

A
  • Real world applications
  • No traumatic experiences for confounding variables
  • Generalisability
  • Other romanian orphans = low pretend play, but no recovery
  • Genie - only ever developed some language
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3
Q

Animal Studies

A03

A
  • Ducklings (support for lorenz)
  • Chickens (sexual imprinting)
  • Ethics (Harlow)
  • Generalisability (+ geese are precocial)
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4
Q

Bowlby: Maternal Deprivation

A03

A
  • 44 thieves
  • Issues with 44 thieves
  • Real world applications
  • Replication of thieves (poor predictor)
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5
Q

Schaffer and Emerson

A03

A
  • Natural
  • Sample
  • Data collection
  • Babies can’t move
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6
Q

Learning Theory of Attachment

A03

A
  • Pavlov and Little Albert
  • Harlow
  • Lorenz
  • Schaffer and Emerson (39% not feeder)
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7
Q

Strange Situation

A03

A
  • Inter-rater reliability
  • Lab study
  • Mother’s behaviour
  • Culture bias (imposed etic)
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8
Q

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenburg

A03

A
  • Large dataset
  • Imposed etic
  • Not equally spred
  • Differences between cultures
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9
Q

Role of the Father

A03

A
  • Play with father matters (secondary)
  • Single or same sex (father not important)
  • Children without fathers less good at school, aggressive
  • Lamb (just as sensitive)
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10
Q

Bowlby: Monotropy

A03

A
  • Schaffer and Emerson (feeders)
  • Schaffer and Emerson (27% of fathers key)
  • Isabella et all (sensitivity)
  • Harlow (no mother = no IWM)
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11
Q

Interactional Synchrony

A

Infants react in time with the caregiver’s speech resulting in a conversational dance

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12
Q

Reciprocity

A

Interaction flows back and forth between caregiver and infant
Turn taking

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13
Q

Schaffer and Emerson

A01

A

60 Glaswegian babies observed
* By 8 months 83% had multiple attachments
* 33% had no attachment with mother or a stronger attachment to someone else

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14
Q

Pre-attachment

A01

A

Asocial stage
0-3 months
learns to prefer humans to objects
No preferences for people

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15
Q

Indiscriminate

A

Diffuse
6 weeks - 7 months
Learns to recognise specific people
still no strong preferences

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16
Q

Discriminate

A01

A

Single stage
7 - 11 months
Forms a strong bond with an individual
Separation anxiety
Stranger anxiety

17
Q

Multiple

A01

A

9 months +
Forms multiple attachments of different strengths and functions

18
Q

Research into caregiver interactions

A03

A
  • Can’t talk to infant, have to infer
  • Infants can’t move, not much info to work with
  • Took videos, so can rewatch many times with many observers
  • Lab studies often
19
Q

Scaffer and Emerson on Fathers

A01

A
  • Mother primary attachment figure for only half of babies
  • A third preferred their father
20
Q

Lorenz

A01

A

Studied imprinting in geese
Splict clutch in half, raised half - they followed him as they would their mother
Geese automatically attach to the first moving thing they see after hatching
Critical period 13-16 hours after hatching

21
Q

Harlow

A01

A

Monkeys with a cloth or wire (+milk) mother
Monkeys clung to wire mother when scared, used as base for exploration. Also struggled with relationships later on
Contact comfort most important

22
Q

Role of Father

A01

A

Most initial research was done into attachment with mothers
Belief that mothers are vital (ie: Bowlby)
Can fathers be stay at home parents?
Should gay couples have children?

23
Q

Learning Theory

A01

A

Cupboard love
Attach to person that feeds them
Classical and operant conditioning
Mother = feeding = pleasure
Hunger is a drive state that motivates the child to satisfy their need

24
Q

Bowlby: Monotropy

A01

A

Evolution
* Social releasers (endearing)

One special attachment
* To the person who responds best to the social releasers

Internal working model

Critical period
* First 3 years

25
Q

Secure

A01

A
  • Strong bond
  • Distressed when separated
  • Easily comforted on return

Healthy cognitive and emotional development

26
Q

Insecure - Avoidant

A01

A
  • No separation anxiety
  • Can be comforted by a stranger
  • Avoid social interaction and intimacy
27
Q

Insecure - Resistant

A01

A
  • Uneasy around caregiver
  • Extreme separation anxiety
  • Can’t be comforted by strangers
  • Resist comfort by caregiver
  • Accept and reject social interaction and intimacy
28
Q

Strange Situation

A01

A
  1. Caregiver and child in room
  2. Stranger enters
  3. Caregiver leaves
  4. Caregiver returns, stranger leaves
  5. Caregiver leaves
  6. Stranger returns
  7. Caregiver returns, stranger leaves
29
Q

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg

A01

A

Meta analysis of 32 strange situation studies
* West Germany most Avoidant, then Netherlands
* Israel most Resistant, then Japan

30
Q

Separation

A01

A

Child is away from caregiver for a relatively short time

31
Q

Deprivation

A01

A

Loss of an attachment figure - long term

32
Q

Privation

A01

A

Never experiencing an attachment
ie: Romanian orphans

33
Q

Bowlby: Maternal Deprivation

A01

A

Deprivation from the main caregiver during the critical period will have harmful effects on the child’s emotional, social, intellectual and physical development
* Separation anxiety
* Affectionless psychopathy
* Problem behaviour (clinginess)
* Dwarfism
* Low IQ

Consequences not reversible

34
Q

Romanian Orphanages

A01

A
  • Rutter
  • Privation
  • Average IQ of 63
  • Older when adopted = less intellectual development
  • Effects of privation can be reversed, but only when young
35
Q

Internal Working Model

A01

A

Cognitive schema of attachment learned from primary caregiver.
Shapes the kind of love you think you deserve.

36
Q

Cycle of Privation

A

Suggested by research.
Children who experience privation go on to have difficulties in caring for their own children. This may cause privation in their children

Psychology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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