psychopathology

Question 1

What are Jahoda’s six criteria

Answer 1

1. positive self attitudes
2. self-actualisation
3. resistance to stress
4. autonomy
5. accurate perception of reality
6. adapting to the environment

RAAASP

Question 2

Behavioural characteristics of phobias

Answer 2

• Panic behaviours
• Avoidance

Question 3

Emotional Characteristics of phobias

Answer 3

• Anxiety
• Fear

Question 4

Cognitive characteristics of Phobias

Answer 4

• selective attention to phobic stimulus
• Irrational beliefs and resistance to rational arguments

Question 5

Behavioural Characteristics of depression

Answer 5

• reduced activity level
• sleep more/less
• appetite increase/decrease
• aggression and self-harm

Question 6

Emotional characteristics of depression

Answer 6

• negative emotion
• loss of interest and pleasure in usual hobbies and activities
• anger

Question 7

Cognitive characteristics of depression

Answer 7

• poor concentration
• attention to and dwelling on the negative
• absolutist thinking

Question 8

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

Answer 8

Obsessions

Question 9

Behavioural characteristics of OCD

Answer 9

• Compulsions
• Avoidance

Question 10

Emotional Characteristics of OCD

Answer 10

• Anxiety
• Depression (low mood)
• Embarrassment/shame

Question 11

Nestadt family study

Answer 11

• found that people with an 1st degree relative with OCD had a 5 times greater risk of having the disorder themselves, compared to the general population

Question 12

biological explanation of OCD

Answer 12

• family and twin studies provide evidence that OCD is genetic and inherited
• evidence that mutated SERT and COMT genes cause OCD
• these genes increase dopamine and decrease serotonin respectively
• abnormal levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain cause the malfunction in the caudate nucleus (filters/suppresses messages from the OFC)
• A malfunctioning caudate nucleus means all minor worry signals from the OFC (responsible for anxiety) are acted on
• resulting in OCD

Question 13

Evaluation of SSRIs

Answer 13

• • effective (soomro et al 2009)
• • some side effects (indigestion, blurred vision and loss of sex drive) which may make people stop taking them
• • cost effective counter: therapy might be better in the long-term
• • non disruptive

Question 14

what is depression caused by in the cognitive approach?

Answer 14

faulty information processing

Question 15

what is a negative self-schema and how does it develop?

Answer 15

• cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret information
• a self-schema is the package of information you have about yourself
• develops through childhood experiences

Question 16

What is Becks negative triad?

Answer 16

• negative views about oneself
• the world
• the future

Question 17

What is Ellis’ ABC model?

Answer 17

• based on irrational beliefs
• Negative event (A) -> rational belief (B) -> healthy negative emotion (C)
• Negative event -> irrational belief -> unhealthy negative emotion

Question 18

Beck’s negative triad evaluation

Answer 18

• • supporting evidence for negative thinking causing depression
• • incomplete explanation as it can’t explain all symptoms - biological explanation may be better

Question 19

Ellis’ ABC model evaluation

Answer 19

• • Has RWA for creating REBT
• • can’t explain all types of depression so incomplete

Question 20

What is CBT?

Answer 20

• cognitive element - identify negative or irrational thoughts that might benefit from being challenged
• behavioural element - change our behaviours that result from negative thoughts

Question 21

What is Becks cognitive therapy?

Answer 21

• identify negative thoughts about the self, future and world
• challenge these thoughts through questioning (what evidence do you have for that?)
• test out their beliefs in the real-world
• the evidence from these can be used in future sessions

Question 22

What is Ellis’ rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT)

Answer 22

• Extended the model to ABCDE (D = disputing and E = effect of disputing)
• identify and dispute the irrational thoughts/beliefs
• logical disputing (does the way of thinking follow logically from facts)
• empirical disputing (asking themselves whether there is evidence that their belief is accurate)

Question 23

what is behavioural action?

Answer 23

• depressed people tend to avoid difficult situations and/or stop engaging in enjoyable activities
• engaging in these activities can improve mood
• the therapy aims to:
• identify pleasurable activities
• anticipate and deal with any cognitive obstacles that would prevent it from happening
• reinforce patient engagement in these activities

Question 24

CBT evaluation

Answer 24

• • effective
• • relapse rate lower than drugs
• • not appropriate for everyone
• • cost effective

Question 25

behaviourist approach to explaining phobias evaluation

Answer 25

• (lim) geared towards avoidance
• (lim) only 20% of that had experienced traumatic car accidents developed a phobia of travelling in cars
• (lim) only 2% of children with a fear of water could recall traumatic events with water