psychopathology Flashcards
1
Q
What are Jahoda’s six criteria
A
- positive self attitudes
- self-actualisation
- resistance to stress
- autonomy
- accurate perception of reality
- adapting to the environment
RAAASP
2
Q
Behavioural characteristics of phobias
A
- Panic behaviours
- Avoidance
3
Q
Emotional Characteristics of phobias
A
- Anxiety
- Fear
4
Q
Cognitive characteristics of Phobias
A
- selective attention to phobic stimulus
- Irrational beliefs and resistance to rational arguments
5
Q
Behavioural Characteristics of depression
A
- reduced activity level
- sleep more/less
- appetite increase/decrease
- aggression and self-harm
6
Q
Emotional characteristics of depression
A
- negative emotion
- loss of interest and pleasure in usual hobbies and activities
- anger
7
Q
Cognitive characteristics of depression
A
- poor concentration
- attention to and dwelling on the negative
- absolutist thinking
8
Q
Cognitive characteristics of OCD
A
Obsessions
9
Q
Behavioural characteristics of OCD
A
- Compulsions
- Avoidance
10
Q
Emotional Characteristics of OCD
A
- Anxiety
- Depression (low mood)
- Embarrassment/shame
11
Q
Nestadt family study
A
- found that people with an 1st degree relative with OCD had a 5 times greater risk of having the disorder themselves, compared to the general population
12
Q
biological explanation of OCD
A
- family and twin studies provide evidence that OCD is genetic and inherited
- evidence that mutated SERT and COMT genes cause OCD
- these genes increase dopamine and decrease serotonin respectively
- abnormal levels of dopamine and serotonin in the brain cause the malfunction in the caudate nucleus (filters/suppresses messages from the OFC)
- A malfunctioning caudate nucleus means all minor worry signals from the OFC (responsible for anxiety) are acted on
- resulting in OCD
13
Q
Evaluation of SSRIs
A
- effective (soomro et al 2009)
- some side effects (indigestion, blurred vision and loss of sex drive) which may make people stop taking them
- cost effective counter: therapy might be better in the long-term
- non disruptive
14
Q
what is depression caused by in the cognitive approach?
A
faulty information processing
15
Q
what is a negative self-schema and how does it develop?
A
- cognitive framework that helps us organise and interpret information
- a self-schema is the package of information you have about yourself
- develops through childhood experiences
16
Q
What is Becks negative triad?
A
- negative views about oneself
- the world
- the future
17
Q
What is Ellis’ ABC model?
A
- based on irrational beliefs
- Negative event (A) -> rational belief (B) -> healthy negative emotion (C)
- Negative event -> irrational belief -> unhealthy negative emotion
18
Q
Beck’s negative triad evaluation
A
- supporting evidence for negative thinking causing depression
- incomplete explanation as it can’t explain all symptoms - biological explanation may be better
19
Q
Ellis’ ABC model evaluation
A
- Has RWA for creating REBT
- can’t explain all types of depression so incomplete
20
Q
What is CBT?
A
- cognitive element - identify negative or irrational thoughts that might benefit from being challenged
- behavioural element - change our behaviours that result from negative thoughts
21
Q
What is Becks cognitive therapy?
A
- identify negative thoughts about the self, future and world
- challenge these thoughts through questioning (what evidence do you have for that?)
- test out their beliefs in the real-world
- the evidence from these can be used in future sessions
22
Q
What is Ellis’ rational emotive behavioural therapy (REBT)
A
- Extended the model to ABCDE (D = disputing and E = effect of disputing)
- identify and dispute the irrational thoughts/beliefs
- logical disputing (does the way of thinking follow logically from facts)
- empirical disputing (asking themselves whether there is evidence that their belief is accurate)
23
Q
what is behavioural action?
A
- depressed people tend to avoid difficult situations and/or stop engaging in enjoyable activities
- engaging in these activities can improve mood
- the therapy aims to:
- identify pleasurable activities
- anticipate and deal with any cognitive obstacles that would prevent it from happening
- reinforce patient engagement in these activities
24
Q
CBT evaluation
A
- effective
- relapse rate lower than drugs
- not appropriate for everyone
- cost effective
25
Q
behaviourist approach to explaining phobias evaluation
A
- (lim) geared towards avoidance
- (lim) only 20% of that had experienced traumatic car accidents developed a phobia of travelling in cars
- (lim) only 2% of children with a fear of water could recall traumatic events with water
