approaches

Question 1

what is the conscious?

Answer 1

• holds information you are currently focusing in the moment
• limited capacity

Question 2

what is the preconscious?

Answer 2

material can become conscious but is not conscious at this moment because your attention is not being directed to it

Question 3

what is the unconscious?

Answer 3

all the things that are outside our conscious awareness

Question 4

when does the Id develop and what principle does it operate on?

Answer 4

• develops at birth
• pleasure principle

Question 5

when does the Ego develop and what principle does it operate on?

Answer 5

• develops at age 2
• reality principle

Question 6

when does the Superego develop and what principle does it operate on?

Answer 6

• develops at age 5
• morality principle

Question 7

what are the three defence mechanisms?

Answer 7

• Repression
• Denial
• Displacement

Question 8

why are Freuds stages called ‘psychosexual’?

Answer 8

each stage represents the fixation of libido on a different area of the body

Question 9

What are Freuds 5 psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 9

1. Oral - ages 0-1
2. Anal - ages 1-3
3. Phallic - ages 3-6
4. Latency- ages 6 - puberty
5. Genital - puberty

Question 10

what is the Oedipus complex?

Answer 10

• boys develop incestuous feelings towards mother
• murderous hatred for the father (rival affection of mother)
• fearing that their father knows about their feelings and will take away what they love most (castrate them)
• repress feelings and identify with their father

Question 11

what is the electra complex?

Answer 11

• Girls desire their father
• experience penis envy
• girls repress their feelings for their father and substitute the wish for a penis with the wish for a baby
• they identify with their mothers during this process

Question 12

evaluation of psychodynamic approach

Answer 12

• • creation of theories based off case studies (not falsifiable)
• • has RWA through psychoanalysis - counter: not everyone can take part in this
• • exaggerated the differences between men and women (lacks population validity)

Question 13

what is structuralism?

Answer 13

the breaking down of behaviours into their simplest elements

Question 14

what is introspection?

Answer 14

the process by which a person gains knowledge about their own mental and emotional state as a result of the examination or observation of their conscious thoughts and feelings

Question 15

Introspection evaluation

Answer 15

• • scientific (greater validity and reliability)
• • not accurate shown by implicit association test

Question 16

what behaviours are the behaviourist approach interested in?

Answer 16

behaviours that are observable and measurable

Question 17

Behaviourist approach evaluation

Answer 17

• • classical conditioning has RWA (flooding and systematic desensitisation)
• • operant conditioning has RWA (token economies)
• • not all associations made at the same speed (incomplete explanation so biological approach may be better)

Question 18

what is identification?

Answer 18

the extent to which an individual relates to a model and feels that they are similar to that person

Question 19

what is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 19

• learning by viewing how others are rewarded/punished for a behaviour
• learning through the consequences others receive

Question 20

what are the Mediation processes?

Answer 20

• Attention
• Retention
• Reproduction
• Motivation

Question 21

evaluation of social learning theory

Answer 21

• +supporting research for imitation of both positive and negative behaviours
• • too much focus on nurture so incomplete explanation
• • ## has RWA - helps to identify and understand factors that lead to criminal behaviour and could help create strategies to reduce crime

Question 22

role of inferences in study of mental processes

Answer 22

mental processes are ‘private’ and cannot be observed, so cognitive psychologists study them indirectly by making inferences about what is going on inside people’s heads on the basis of their behaviour

Question 23

what is used to explain mental processes in the cognitive approach?

Answer 23

theoretical models which suggest that information flows through a sequence of stages that include input, storage and retrieval

Question 24

what are computer models?

Answer 24

• programmes that can run on a computer to imitate the human mind
• by running such a programme psychologists can test their ideas about information processing

Question 25

what is cognitive neuroscience?

Answer 25

the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes

Question 26

cognitive approach evaluation

Answer 26

• • supporting evidence for the role of schema
• • has RWA in the development of CBT
• • machine reductionist

Question 27

what is neurochemistry?

Answer 27

the action of chemicals in the brain

Question 28

Biological approach evaluation

Answer 28

• • Has RWA - led to the use of drugs to treat mental disorders Counter: don’t work for everyone
• • uses scientific methods
• • Determinist

Question 29

what is free will?

Answer 29

having the ability to have choice in how we act and are able to choose our behaviours

Question 30

what are conditions of worth?

Answer 30

• requirements individuals feel they have to meet in order to be loved
• these can be real or imagined

Question 31

what is client-centred therapy?

Answer 31

• the therapists role is to provide unconditional positive regard that the client is missing from friends/family
• focus on reducing incongruence by narrowing the gap between the self-concept and the ideal-self
• client is treated as an expert on themselves and are expected to find their own solutions

Question 32

Humanistic approach evaluation

Answer 32

• • culturally biased
• • research support for Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
• • Has RWA for client centred therapy

Question 33

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 33

• Physiological needs
• Safety needs
• Love and belonging
• Esteem
• Self actualisation