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AQA A Level Psychology > approaches > Flashcards

approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the conscious?

A
  • holds information you are currently focusing in the moment
  • limited capacity
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2
Q

what is the preconscious?

A

material can become conscious but is not conscious at this moment because your attention is not being directed to it

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3
Q

what is the unconscious?

A

all the things that are outside our conscious awareness

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4
Q

when does the Id develop and what principle does it operate on?

A
  • develops at birth
  • pleasure principle
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5
Q

when does the Ego develop and what principle does it operate on?

A
  • develops at age 2
  • reality principle
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6
Q

when does the Superego develop and what principle does it operate on?

A
  • develops at age 5
  • morality principle
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7
Q

what are the three defence mechanisms?

A
  • Repression
  • Denial
  • Displacement
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8
Q

why are Freuds stages called ‘psychosexual’?

A

each stage represents the fixation of libido on a different area of the body

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9
Q

What are Freuds 5 psychosexual stages of development?

A
  1. Oral - ages 0-1
  2. Anal - ages 1-3
  3. Phallic - ages 3-6
  4. Latency- ages 6 - puberty
  5. Genital - puberty
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10
Q

what is the Oedipus complex?

A
  • boys develop incestuous feelings towards mother
  • murderous hatred for the father (rival affection of mother)
  • fearing that their father knows about their feelings and will take away what they love most (castrate them)
  • repress feelings and identify with their father
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11
Q

what is the electra complex?

A
  • Girls desire their father
  • experience penis envy
  • girls repress their feelings for their father and substitute the wish for a penis with the wish for a baby
  • they identify with their mothers during this process
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12
Q

evaluation of psychodynamic approach

A
    • creation of theories based off case studies (not falsifiable)
    • has RWA through psychoanalysis - counter: not everyone can take part in this
    • exaggerated the differences between men and women (lacks population validity)
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13
Q

what is structuralism?

A

the breaking down of behaviours into their simplest elements

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14
Q

what is introspection?

A

the process by which a person gains knowledge about their own mental and emotional state as a result of the examination or observation of their conscious thoughts and feelings

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15
Q

Introspection evaluation

A
    • scientific (greater validity and reliability)
    • not accurate shown by implicit association test
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16
Q

what behaviours are the behaviourist approach interested in?

A

behaviours that are observable and measurable

17
Q

Behaviourist approach evaluation

A
    • classical conditioning has RWA (flooding and systematic desensitisation)
    • operant conditioning has RWA (token economies)
    • not all associations made at the same speed (incomplete explanation so biological approach may be better)
18
Q

what is identification?

A

the extent to which an individual relates to a model and feels that they are similar to that person

19
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement

A
  • learning by viewing how others are rewarded/punished for a behaviour
  • learning through the consequences others receive
20
Q

what are the Mediation processes?

A
  • Attention
  • Retention
  • Reproduction
  • Motivation
21
Q

evaluation of social learning theory

A
  • +supporting research for imitation of both positive and negative behaviours
    • too much focus on nurture so incomplete explanation
    • ## has RWA - helps to identify and understand factors that lead to criminal behaviour and could help create strategies to reduce crime
22
Q

role of inferences in study of mental processes

A

mental processes are ‘private’ and cannot be observed, so cognitive psychologists study them indirectly by making inferences about what is going on inside people’s heads on the basis of their behaviour

23
Q

what is used to explain mental processes in the cognitive approach?

A

theoretical models which suggest that information flows through a sequence of stages that include input, storage and retrieval

24
Q

what are computer models?

A
  • programmes that can run on a computer to imitate the human mind
  • by running such a programme psychologists can test their ideas about information processing
25
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience?

A

the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes

26
Q

cognitive approach evaluation

A
    • supporting evidence for the role of schema
    • has RWA in the development of CBT
    • machine reductionist
27
Q

what is neurochemistry?

A

the action of chemicals in the brain

28
Q

Biological approach evaluation

A
    • Has RWA - led to the use of drugs to treat mental disorders Counter: don’t work for everyone
    • uses scientific methods
    • Determinist
29
Q

what is free will?

A

having the ability to have choice in how we act and are able to choose our behaviours

30
Q

what are conditions of worth?

A
  • requirements individuals feel they have to meet in order to be loved
  • these can be real or imagined
31
Q

what is client-centred therapy?

A
  • the therapists role is to provide unconditional positive regard that the client is missing from friends/family
  • focus on reducing incongruence by narrowing the gap between the self-concept and the ideal-self
  • client is treated as an expert on themselves and are expected to find their own solutions
32
Q

Humanistic approach evaluation

A
    • culturally biased
    • research support for Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
    • Has RWA for client centred therapy
33
Q

What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A
  • Physiological needs
  • Safety needs
  • Love and belonging
  • Esteem
  • Self actualisation

AQA A Level Psychology (10 decks)

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