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Psychology Paper 1 > Psychopathology > Flashcards

Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 definitions of abnormality

A
  • Statistical infrequency
  • Deviation from social norms
  • Failure to function adequality
  • Deviation from ideal mental health
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2
Q

What is statistical infrequency?

A

When an individual has an unusual characteristic that deviates from the average

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3
Q

Give one strength and one limitation of statistical infrequency

A

Real world application = Diagnosis of intellectual disability disorder (IQ of below 70)

Unusual characteristic can be positive = High IQ is not abnormal but praised

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4
Q

What is deviation from social norms?

A

-Norms specific to the culture and generation we are in
e.g. homosexuality

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5
Q

Give one strength and one limitation of deviation from social norms

A

Real world application = Those with anti social personality disorder (one DSM-5 symptom is absence of prosocial standards)

Cultural and situational relativism = social norms differ in these contexts

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6
Q

What is failure to function adequately

A

-Unable to maintain basic standards of day to day living

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7
Q

Give one strength and one limitation of failure to function adequately

A

Real world application = Indicator of when someone would need help

Difficult to distinguish = Non standard lifestyle choices labelled as abnormal e.g. living off the grid (not having a job)

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8
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health

A

Jahoda:
-No symptoms or distress
-rational
-we self actualise
-can cope with stress

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9
Q

Give on strength and one limitation of deviation from ideal mental health

A

Highly comprehensive = Provides a checklist against which we can access ourselves.

Culture bias = Jahoda’s list e.g. self actualisation (individualistic cultures)

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10
Q

What are the DSM-5 categories of phobia

A

Specific phobia - Phobia of an object or situation

Social phobia - phobia of a social situation

Agoraphobia - phobia of being outside

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11
Q

What are the 3 behavioural characteristics of phobias

A

Panic - e.g. crying

Avoidance - prevent coming in contact with the phobia

Endurance - choose to stay close to the phobia to keep a wary eye on it

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12
Q

What are the 3 emotional characteristics of phobias

A

Anxiety - an unpleasant state of high arousal

Fear - intense and quicker than anxiety

Unreasonable - the anxiety or fear is irrational

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13
Q

What are the 3 cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

Selective attention to the phobia

Irrational beliefs

Cognitive distortions - perceptions of the person with the phobia are warped.

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14
Q

What are the DSM-5 categories of depression

A

Major depressive disorder - severe but short term

Persistent depressive disorder - long term or recurring

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder - Child temper tantrums

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder - disruption to mood prior or during menstruation

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15
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression

A

Activity levels - low levels or in other cases agitation

Disruption to sleep and eating behaviour

Aggression and self harm

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16
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of depression

A

Lowered mood- emptiness, sadness

Anger- directed at self or others

Lowered self esteem- e.g. self loathing

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17
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of depression

A

Poor concentration

Attending to and dwelling on the negative

Absolutist thinking - seeing things in black or white

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18
Q

What are the DSM-5 categories of OCD

A

OCD - obsessions and/ or compulsions

Trichotillomania - compulsive hair pulling

Hoarding disorder - gathering of possessions and inability to part with anything

Excoriation disorder - compulsive skin picking

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19
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

Compulsions are repetitive - e.g. hand washing

Compulsions reduce anxiety - e.g. hand washing for anxiety of germs

Avoidance -keep away from situations that trigger anxiety e.g. someone who washes compulsively stays away from germs

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20
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD

A

Anxiety and distress

Accompanying depression

Guilt and disgust- external such as germs or internal

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21
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

Obsessive thoughts

Cognitive coping strategies - e.g. a religious person tormented by obsessive guilt may respond by praying or mediating

insight into excessive anxiety -ppl with OCD are aware they’re being irrational

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22
Q

What is the behavioural approach to explaining phobias

A

The two process model
Phobias are acquired by classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning

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23
Q

What is Classical conditioning in the two process model

A

Watson and Rayner created a phobia in a 9 month baby called “little albert”

Noise - Unconditioned stimulus
Fear - unconditioned stimulus
Rat - Neutral stimulus
Noise + Rat = fear (during conditioning)
Rat = conditioned stimulus
Fear = conditioned response

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24
Q

What is operant conditioning in the two process model

A

Negative reinforcement - Avoiding a phobic stimulus means successfully escaping the fear and anxiety that would be experienced if remained there.

-Such behaviour results in a desirable consequence, reinforcing it.

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25
Q

Give one strength of the two process model

A

Real world application to exposure therapies such as systematic desensitisation

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26
Q

Give two limitations of the two process model

A

Cognition, Doesn’t account for cognitive aspects of phobias such as irrational thinking

Ethical issues- researchers failed to decondition Albert to the stimuli he was afraid of.

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27
Q

What is the idea of systematic desensitisation

A

-if a person can learn to relax in the presence of the phobia they will be cured

Counterconditioning = Phobic stimulus is paired with relaxation instead of anxiety

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28
Q

What are the three processes of systematic desensitisation

A
  1. The anxiety hierarchy - A list of situations related to the phobia arranged from least to most scary.
  2. Relaxation - therapist teaches client to relax as its impossible to feel relaxed and scared at the same time
    e.g. breathing, or imagining relaxing situations, mediation
  3. Exposure - Exposed to the phobic stimulus whilst in a relaxed state
    -Takes place over multiple sessions, starting at the bottom of the hierarchy
29
Q

Give one strength of systematic desensitisation

A

more ethical and effective than flooding as it caters to patient and their own process.

30
Q

Give on limitation of systematic desensitisation

A

Ineffective in treating evolutionary phobias that aren’t from the process of experience (classical conditioning) e,g. fear of heights

31
Q

What is the idea of flooding in the behavioural approach to treating phobias

A

Immediate exposure to the phobic stimulus without a gradual build up (anxiety hierarchy)

32
Q

What is the process of flooding

A

A learned response is extinguished when the conditioned stimulus is encountered without the unconditioned stimulus

33
Q

Give one strength of flooding

A

Cost effective (for NHS) = Can work in as little as one session compared to SD at which is effective over the course of many.
-And more people can be treated

34
Q

Give one limitation of flooding

A

Traumatic = it is a highly unpleasant experience and can cause more damage .

-Dropout rates are very high meaning therapists may avoid using this treatment

35
Q

What is the idea of becks negative triad

A

Faulty information processing- Depressed people tend to the negative aspects of a situation and ignore the positives.

Negative self schema - Interpret all information of themselves in a negative way

36
Q

What are the 3 aspects of becks negative triad

A

Beck suggested a person develops a dysfunctional view of themselves due 3 types of negative thinking.

  1. Negative view of the world
  2. Negative view of the future
  3. Negative view of the self
37
Q

What are 3 aspects of becks theory

A

Beck - cognitive explanation to why some people are more vulnerable to depression
1. Faulty information processing
2. Negative self schema
3. Negative triad

38
Q

Give one strength of becks negative triad

A

Treatment - Understanding cognitive vulnerability can be applied to CBT (becks cognitive therapy)

39
Q

Give one limitation of becks negative triad

A

A link between negative thinking and depression does not mean that one has necessarily caused the other
-it may in fact be the case that depression causes negative thinking and not the other way around

40
Q

What is the idea of Ellis’s ABC model

A

Ellis- suggested good mental health is the result of rational thinking.
-Defines irrational thoughts not as illogical but as any thoughts that interfere with happiness.

-Uses the ABC model to explain how irrational thoughts affect our behaviour and emotional state.

41
Q

Outline the 3 aspects of Ellis’s ABC model

A

A- Activating event
B- belief’s
C- Consequences

42
Q

What is the A in Ellis’s ABC model

A

Activating event - Situation’s in which irrational thoughts are triggered
-negative events and these trigger irrational belief’s

43
Q

What is the B in Ellis’s ABC model

A

Belief’s - the event causes someone to have a belief, either rational or irrational

44
Q

What is the C in Ellis’s ABC model

A

Consequence’s- When an activating event triggers irrational belief’s there are emotional and behavioural consequence’s

e.g. person believes they must succeed and when they fail this triggers depression

45
Q

What is a strength of Ellis’s ABC model

A

Treatment - Becks rational emotive behaviour therapy

46
Q

What is a limitation of Ellis’s ABC model

A

Doesn’t explain endogenous depression - not traceable to life events and is not obvious what lead to the depression.

47
Q

What is Becks cognitive therapy

A

-Identify thoughts about the world, self and future (negative triad)
-These thoughts will then be challenged and the the rationality of them will be tested

48
Q

What is Ellis’s rational emotive behaviour therapy?

A

ABCDE model
D is for dispute and E is for effect
-The central technique of REBT is to identify and dispute (challenge) irrational thoughts
-Effect = change the irrational belief and break the link between negative events and depression

49
Q

What methods did Ellis use to dispute irrational thoughts in REBT

A

Empirical argument - disputing whether there is actual evidence supporting the belief

Logical argument -disputing whether the negative thought logically follows the facts

50
Q

Give 1 limitation of CBT in treating depression

A

Relapse rates = doesn’t tend to have long- term effectiveness

51
Q

Give 2 limitation’s of CBT treating depression

A

requires motivation = Patients with severe depression may not engage with CBT, or even attend the sessions and therefore this treatment will be ineffective.
-Alternate treatments, for example antidepressants, do not require the same level of motivation

Ellis’s REBT = Doesn’t explain endogenous depression - not traceable to life events and is not obvious what lead to the depression.

52
Q

explain genetic explanations for OCD in the biological approach

A

Genes are involved in the vunrability of OCD
Lewis = Observed OCD patients and found;
- 37% had parents with OCD
- 21% had siblings with OCD
diathesis- stress model = A stressor is necessary to trigger the condition.

53
Q

What are the candidate genes in the biological approach to explaining OCD

A

Dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitters have the most involvement in OCD
e.g SERT gene (impaired transport of serotonin)

54
Q

How is OCD polygenic?

A

Taylor = found that there are 230 genes involved in OCD

55
Q

How is OCD aetiologically heterogenous

A

One group of genes may cause OCD in one person but a different group of genes may cause it in another

56
Q

What is the role of neurons in the biological explanations for OCD

A

Serotonin = A mood regulator
-If a person has low levels of serotonin then the may experience low moods.

57
Q

Describe decision making in neural explanations for OCD

A

Frontal lobe = responsible for logical thinking and decision making
OCD may be associated with an impaired frontal lobe.

58
Q

Give one strength of Genetic explanations for OCD

A

Nestadt= found that 68% of identical twins and 31% of non-identical twins experience OCD, which suggests a very strong genetic component.

59
Q

Give 1 strength and 1 limitation of neural explanations for OCD

A

Anti-depressants = work by increasing levels of serotonin. These drugs are effective in reducing the symptoms.

Serotonin is not a unique link to OCD = people with OCD’s serotonin levels may be disrupted because they are depressed as well
-Meaning serotonin may not be relevant to OCD symptoms

60
Q

Give one limitation of biological explanations for OCD

A

reductionist = does not take into account cognitions or experience

61
Q

What are SSRI’s in drug therapy for OCD

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor = antidepressant

prevents serotonin being reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron and broken down

-Increasing levels of serotonin and continuing to stimulate the postsynaptic neuron

62
Q

What is the dosage for SSRI’s

A

20mg of Fluoxetine although may be increased.
-It takes 3 to 4 months of daily use to see impact on symptoms

63
Q

What other forms of treatment are SSRI’s usually paired with

A

CBT
The drugs reduce feelings of depression and anxiety allowing them to take part in CBT more effectively

64
Q

What does SSRI stand for

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

65
Q

Name 2 alternatives of drug therapy for people who don’t respond to SSRI’s

A

Tricyclics = An older type, Clomipramine, also acts on serotonin but has more side effects.

SNRI’s = Serotonin non- adrenaline reuptake inhibitors.
-Increase serotonin as well as another neurotransmitter noradrenaline

66
Q

Give 1 strength of drug therapy for OCD

A

Cost - effective =
thousands of tablets can be manufactured in the time it takes to conduct one therapy session.

67
Q

Give 1 limitation of drug therapy for OCD

A

Side effects = although it effects a small amount of people who takes SSRI’s it has caused
-Indigestion
-Blurred vision
-Loss of sex drive

68
Q

Give one limitation of the biological approach for treating OCD

A

Biologically reductionist

69
Q

Who are the 6 researchers for psychopathology

A

Watson & Rayner
Ellis
Beck
Jahoda
Taylor
Lewis

Psychology Paper 1 (4 decks)

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